To create a binding agreement the acceptance must occur, and that Research Paper

To create a binding agreement the acceptance must occur, and that 'acceptance' must be final and absolutely unconditional - Research Paper Example A contract legally binds the signees of the contract to the terms spelt out in the contract. A breach of the terms spelt out in the contract makes an individual who is party to the contract to be liable to prosecution by law. Acceptance is an element of contracts that should be featured in a contract for it to be legally binding. This paper aims at highlighting acceptance under Australian contractual law and how it impacts on businesses and the judicial system in the country. Contractual acceptance is characterized by a party in the contract agreeing to the terms and conditions of the offer that is proposed by the other party. A contract is not formalized until the party being proposed to, accepts the offer at hand. The contract can then be termed as legally binding after the offer has been accepted. A contract can also not be formalized until all the negotiations regarding the terms and conditions of the contract have been finalized. Acceptance can be defined as an unqualified assen t to all terms of the offer for example, when a buyer makes an offer to the seller of which the seller accepts the offer from the buyer (SINGH & KAUR, 2011:120). Acceptance in contract formation includes the arrival at a consensus between the parties involved on the terms and conditions defining the contract. For acceptance to be realized, an offer by one of the parties involved in the contract should be proposed. This creates the opportunity to for the other member analyse the offer and present their judgment by accepting the offer or agreeing in an unqualified way. This means that offeree assents the offer but on condition that some of his terms are also accepted by the offeror (SINGH & KAUR, 2011:185). An offer must be distinguished from an invitation to deal because it involves testing for intent from the party making the statement. It depends on whether the response would result to an agreement or simply translate to further negotiations. An example of this scenario is a court case between the Great Britain Pharmaceutical Society v Boots in which the English court of appeal provided emphasis on the commercial influence and classification of the conduct as an offer (SINGH & KAUR, 2011:190). A contract is formed when an offer by one individual is accepted by the other party involved in the negotiations. An offer can be made to one person, a class of persons or to the whole world as long as the specifics of the terms and conditions of the offer are clearly defined for all parties involved. An offer is part and parcel of acceptance because it determines the realisation of acceptance depending on the terms of the offer. Thus, an offer is a definite promise to be bound to, provided the terms of the offer are accepted. This means that acceptance is realised when the precise terms of the offer have been accepted. If the precise terms of an offer are not accepted, then it means that the offer is still under negotiations, and it cannot be said that the acceptance s tage has been reached and finalised. Negotiations indicate that the basic elements of which acceptance is part of, have not been met, and therefore negotiations are ongoing. An offer can be withdrawn before it is accepted, but it requires the offer or to inform the other party about the withdrawal of the offer. This makes it possible to avoid a binding contract because the

Essay about Walmart Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

About Walmart - Essay Example imary advantage is to over come barriers that are related to Multi-tier distribution which has at all times been the common approach of doing business in Japan. Over time, Wal-Mart will alter that. By approaching the suppliers directly, Wal-Mart will establish a more well-organized distributional system. Retailers will have to set up a similar system to stay competitive. Wal-Mart will approach the strong suppliers, mainly those that might already have globally established relationship for aid in building this innovative and extremely different distributional system. The most important advantage is that the benefits of that enhancement in distributional efficiency will be enjoyed by both i.e. Wal-Mart as well as their suppliers. Wal-Mart does uneventfully gain success in superseding the wholesaler segment, they will be in a lot better of if they are in a position to distribute goods at less expensive costs, which will allow them to pass along a little of the price savings to customers. The degree of success that Wal-Mart will encompass in Japan depends on the degree to which Wal-Mart can adjust Retail Link to Japan’s distribution system. Also, Wal-Mart will have to obtain a handsome amount of real estate to get the economies of scale required to be successful, at the same time keeping local management content. And finally they must be patient, as the Expansion into Japan maybe takes a lot of time. I believe that Wal-Mart is successful by circumvent the current Japanese distribution system by reflecting activities of manufacturers as well as retailers to circumvent the wholesalers, share knowledge, and incorporate decision making. Wal-Mart recently decided to gain 66.7 percent of Seiyu, Japans fourth largest retail group. Ten years ago Wal-Mart had attempted to sell its private label cookies in Japanese stores, and customers emptied out all the shelves. But the Japanese buyers did not buy them again as they were too sweet, a part from this most of them

Strategies for Supplier Relationship Management

Strategies for Supplier Relationship Management Supplier Relationship Management (including analysis) is the management an ongoing business relationship to guarantee competitive advantage for an organisation. The focus is on overall relationships between the supplier and the buying organisation rather than a focus on a specific contract. Its aim is to support purchasing and business management to develop an orderly understanding of the nature of current relationships that exist within and between the organisation and the suppliers (OGC, 2009). Supplier relationship management is a comprehensive approach to managing an enterprises interactions with the organizations that supply the goods and services it uses. The goal of supplier relationship management (SRM) is to streamline and make more effective the processes between an enterprise and its suppliers just as customer relationship management (CRM) is intended to streamline and make more effective the processes between an enterprise and its customers (SAP 2008). Buying organisations have a need to manage not only their contracts but also their suppliers. A number of suppliers will have multiple contractual relationships with individual departments and it is therefore important for them to be proactively managed. The process will be supported by information generated from the performance management arrangements that will be in place for each of the contracts, but this process is much more about the overall relationship rather than on activity on a specific contract (SAP.com 2008). OBJECTIVES The objectives for SRM include: Reduction in costs Service improvement Solution development Flexibility and mutual benefit (Adapted from Procurement Leadership 2006) There will also be the opportunity for improvement in the overall relationship with the supplier progressing in the direction of increased partnering type arrangements. This will potentially include: Established communication channels at all levels, up to and including CEO, between the organisations Joint planning and forecasting at a strategic level Increased trust Enhanced collaborative approaches and perspective Improved value for both parties (Adapted from OGC 2009) Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) is aimed at streamlining the supply chain by improving the communication between an enterprise and its suppliers. (PROCUREMENT -LEADERS, 2006). It streamlines the processes between an enterprise and its suppliers in the same way Customer Relationship Management (CRM) makes the processes between an enterprise and its customers more effective. In actual fact SRM practices enable a common frame of reference to improve communication between enterprise and supplier who may be used to different practices and terminology. Eventually SRM software can lower production costs and result in a higher quality, lower priced end product (SAP 2008). Modern SRM solutions support the whole procurement process in the company, including procurement strategy, qualification of suitable suppliers, tenders and contract design, and monitoring supplier performance. 2.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF IMPLEMENTING SRM STRATEGY/PLAN SRM is becoming progressively more important for enterprises because, in the competitive global environment, purchasing-related savings are equally important as sales. In the past ten years, significant results have been generated through rationalising supply bases, introducing competition and moving to low cost countries. But recently results from these activities are diminishing, which is where SRM comes in (PROCUREMENT LEADERS 2006). When SRM is effective, companies improve on profitability, growth, market share and reputation. SRM is especially important when there is a limited supply base for a product and in this case, the peanut company has one supply and it is a major priority of the peanut company to maintain a good relationship with the supply. This is to say that the cooperative society has a full monopoly on the supply of nuts to Peanutty. A good relationship is necessary to avoid sudden increase in price, supply of quality products, and also the supply can decide not to supply to Peanutty. They therefore have a need to manage not only their contracts but also their suppliers. There will also be the opportunity for improvement in the overall relationship with the supplier progressing in the direction of increased partnering type arrangements.ÂÂ   This will potentially include: Established communication channels at all levels, up to and including CEO, between the organisations Joint planning and forecasting at a strategic level. Peanutty should encourage their suppliers to focus more on the strategic path to cooperative success and enhanced collaborative approaches and perspective Increased trust between the supplier and Peanutty, by finding compromise solutions to problems enhance both Peanutty Company and the cooperative supplier work towards achieving the long-term benefits Improved value for both parties, the demand of the product enhances the ability of both Peanutty and the cooperative supplier to have a clear vision towards its benefits. 3.0 QUESTION 2: What activities could be developed by Peanutty to reduce or manage the power of its customers to minimize risks and maximize profitability? Peanutty is a manufacturer of ingredients for the food industry and also a service provider of food items for large companies in the sector. Peanutty should use the strategies of customer relationship management (CRM). 3.1 CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT Customer Relationship Management, or CRM, is an important part of modern business management. Customer Relationship Management concerns the relationship between the organization and its customers. Customers are the lifeblood of any organization be it a global corporation with thousands of employees and a multi-billion turnover, or a sole trader with a handful of regular customers. Customer Relationship Management is the same in principle for these two examples it is the scope of CRM which can vary drastically. Customer Relationship Management focuses on the relationship Successful organizations use three steps to build customer relationships: determine mutually satisfying goals between organization and customers establish and maintain customer rapport produce positive feelings in the organization and the customers In the business world, the organization and the customers both have sets of conditions to consider when building the relationship, such as wants and needs of both parties these conditions include; organizations need to make a profit to survive and grow customers want good service, a quality product and an acceptable price CRM can have a major impact on an organization through: shifting the focus from product to customer, streamlining the offer to what the customer requires, not want the organization can make and also highlighting competencies required for an effective CRM process The ultimate purpose of CRM, like any organizational initiative, is to increase profit. In the case of CRM this is achieved mainly by providing a better service to your customers than your competitors. CRM not only improves the service to customers though; a good CRM capability will also reduce costs, wastage, and complaints (although you may see some increase initially, simply because you hear about things that without CRM would have stayed hidden). Effective CRM also reduces staff stress, because attrition a major cause of stress reduces as services and relationships improve. CRM enables instant market research as well: opening the lines of communications with your customers gives you direct constant market reaction to your products, services and performance, far better than any market survey. Good CRM also helps you grow your business: customers stay with you longer; customer churn rates reduce; referrals to new customers increase from increasing numbers of satisfied customers; demand reduces on fire-fighting and trouble-shooting staff, and overall the organizations service flows and teams work more efficiently and more happily. 3.2 Features of good CRM The old viewpoint in industry was: Heres what we can make who wants to buy our product? The new viewpoint in industry is: What exactly do our customers want and need? and What do we need to do to be able to produce and deliver it to our customers? This is a significant change of paradigm and a quantum leap in terms of how we look at our business activity. What do customers want? Most obviously, and this is the extent of many suppliers perceptions, customers want cost-effective products or services that deliver required benefits to them. (Benefits are what the products or services do for the customers.) Note that any single product or service can deliver different benefits to different customers. Its important to look at things from the customers perspective even at this level. More significantly however, customers want to have their needs satisfied. Customers needs are distinctly different to and far broader than a product or service, and the features and benefits encompassed. Customers needs generally extend to issues far beyond the suppliers proposition, and will often include the buying-selling process (prior to providing anything), the way that communications are handled, and the nature of the customer-supplier relationship. Modern CRM theory refers to the idea of integrating the customer. This new way of looking at the business involves integrating the customer (more precisely the customers relevant people and processes) into all aspects of the suppliers business, and vice versa. This implies a relationship that is deeper and wider than the traditional arms-length supplier-customer relationship. The traditional approach to customer relationships was based on a simple transaction or trade, and little more. Perhaps there would be only a single point of contact between one person on each side. All communication and dealings would be between these two people, even if the customers organization contained many staff, departments, and functional requirements (distribution, sales, quality, finance, etc). The modern approach to customer relationship management is based on satisfying all of the needs people, systems, processes, etc across the customers organization, such as might be affected and benefited by the particular supply.(business balls 2002). Designing and implementing a successful CRM programme: Step 1: Creating the CRM plan Activities : Understanding the objectives, fit with Peanuttys strategy, development of software, costing and training Step 2: Involve CRM users from Outset Peanutty should establish a project/management team from all affected organizational area. Step 3: Select the right application and provider Use of internal IT tools to analyse and compare available products and suppliers Step 4 :Integrate Existing CRM application Centralised database containing customer information for all CRM associated user to actively involved in each customer. Step 5 : Establish Performance measures Use of performance measurement to evaluate if strategies have been met or not Step 6 : Providing CRM training for all users During implementation, Peanutty should provide training to all employees actively associated with CRM about it benefits and objectives. (MARKETING TEACHER 2000) 4.0 QUESTION 3: evaluate the benefit of performance measurement systems to this company? 4.1 PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT Performance refers to output results and their outcomes obtained from processes, products, and services that permit evaluation and comparison relative to goals, standards, past results, and other organisations. Performance can be expressed in non-financial and financial terms. Measurement refers to numerical information that quantifies input, output, and performance dimensions of processes, products, services, and the overall organisation (outcomes). Performance measures might be simple (derived from one measurement) or composite (BPIR 2007). Performance measurement system is an assessment system of measurement that represents a formal efficient approach to observe performance Performance measurement is the process whereby an organization establishes the parameters within which programs, investments, and acquisitions are reaching the desired results. This will be needed most especially in the roasting and peanut preparation line, so that the target of 12 hour per day will be attained. 4.1.1 PM focuses on results, rather than behaviours and activities A common misconception among supervisors is that behaviours and activities are the same as results. As a result, an employee may appear extremely busy, but not be contributing anything toward the goals of the organization. An example is the employee who manually counts the number of peas processed. The supervisor may conclude the employee is very committed to the organization and works very hard, thus, deserving a very high performance rating, where by his output is poor. 4.1.2 Aligns organizational activities and processes to the goals of the organization PM identifies organizational goals, results needed to achieve those goals, measures of effectiveness or efficiency (outcomes) toward the goals, and means (drivers) to achieve the goals. This chain of measurements is examined to ensure alignment with overall results of the organization. This is due to the fact that the employees complain about not knowing the direction and goals of peanut company. 4.1.3 Produces meaningful measurements These measurements have a wide variety of useful applications. They are useful in benchmarking, or setting standards for comparison with best practices in other organizations. They provide consistent basis for comparison during internal change efforts. They indicate results during improvement efforts, such as employee training, management development, quality programs, etc. They help ensure equitable and fair treatment to employees based on performance.mr Carmelo doesnt treat the employees like they are part of the organisation, probably because he is not aware of the effort these workers put into the company. therefore wit performance, he will be able to quantify the level of dedication and then will he will recognise their capability and potential, and thus give them Moore responsibility. Performance measurement will clarify expectations of roles and responsibilities of all the work stations in the peanut factory. It will also make it possible for the director, supervisor and the employees to discuss work related issues and develop solutions The will also be able to formally review performance and achievement of agreed goals and objectives Provide two-way face to face feedback and also link individual performance to broader strategic plans and key objectives. (Adapted from Supplychainer 2005) Overall, this will help Peanutty to set their long term strategy goals, work on their objectives, meet their target and measure the performance. 5.0 QUESTION 4. The supply chain process i would suggest is the lean manufacturing process. 5.1 Lean Manufacturing is an operational strategy oriented toward achieving the shortest possible cycle time by eliminating waste. It is derived from the Toyota Production System and its key thrust is to increase the value-added work by eliminating waste and reducing incidental work. The technique often decreases the time between a customer order and shipment, and it is designed to radically improve profitability, customer satisfaction, throughput time, and employee morale (ROCKFORD 1999). The characteristics of lean processes are: Single-piece production Repetitive order characteristics Just-In-Time materials/pull scheduling Short cycle times Quick changeover Continuous flow work cells Collocated machines, equipment, tools and people Compressed space Multi-skilled employees Flexible workforce Empowered employees High first-pass yields with major reductions in defects The term Lean is very apt because in Lean Manufacturing the emphasis is to cut out the fat or waste in the manufacturing process. Waste is defined as anything that does not add value to the customer. It could also be defined as anything the customer is unwilling to pay for. For example, if you order a shirt to be custom made, it may take 6 weeks. However the actual time the tailors or seamstresses are working on the shirt is only 5 hours. The rest of the time is taken up by such things as material ordering, waiting between processes and inefficient shipping practices. This extra time does not add value to you, the customer. As Lean Manufacturing principals are applied to the shirt-making process, one would see a reduction in delivery time from 6 to 5 to 4 weeks and even less. The ideal shirt-making operation would be streamlined to give you, the customer, what you want, when you want it at the lowest possible cost within the least amount of time (CONTINENTAL DESIGN ENGINEERING 2008). 5.2 Lean identifies seven types of waste: Over-Production Obviously a product that cannot be sold or has to be dumped at a reduced price is wasteful. Also producing product before the customer needs it requires the part to be stored and ties up money in inventory. Inventory Excess Inventory ties up a great deal of cash, which is wasteful. Stockpiling inventory between processes is wasteful. Conveyance Unnecessarily moving a part during the production process is wasteful. It can also cause damage to the part, which creates wasteful rework. Correction Having to re-work parts because of manufacturing errors is a large source of waste. Additionally, sorting and inspecting parts is wasteful and can be eliminated by error proofing (designing your processes so that the product can only be produced one way, which is the correct way, every time). Motion Unnecessary or awkward operator motions put undue stress on the body and cause waste. Improvement in this area should result in reduced injury and workmans compensation claims. Processing Unclear customer requirements cause the manufacturer to add unnecessary processes, which add cost to the product. Waiting The operator being idle between operations is wasteful. It is acceptable for the machine to wait on the operator, but it is unacceptable for the operator to wait on the machine. The 5S is a core method of lean manufacturing. Sort: The first stage of 5S is to organize the work area, leaving only the tools and materials necessary to perform daily activities. When sorting is well implemented, communication between workers is improved and product quality and productivity are increased. Sort is the act of throwing away the unwanted, unnecessary, and unrelated materials in the workplace. Straighten (Set in order): The second stage of 5S involves the orderly arrangement of needed items so they are easy to use and accessible for anyone to find. Orderliness eliminates waste in production and clerical activities. Shine: this means keeping everything clean and swept. This maintains a safer work area and problem areas are quickly identified. An important part of shining is Mess Prevention. In other words, dont allow litter, scrap, shavings, cuttings, etc., to land on the floor in the first place. Standardize: The fourth stage of 5S involves creating a consistent approach for carrying out tasks and procedures. Orderliness is the core of standardization and is maintained by Visual Controls. Sustain: This last stage of 5S is the discipline and commitment of all other stages. Without sustaining, your workplace can easily revert back to being dirty and chaotic. That is why it is so crucial for your team to be empowered to improve and maintain their workplace. When employees take pride in their work and workplace it can lead to greater job satisfaction and higher productivity. 6.0 SUGGESTION FOR PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT 6.1 BENCHMARKING 6.1.1 Benchmarking is a continuous measure of products, services and practices against firms best competitors. It is the process of evaluating and understanding the current position of a business in relation to the best practice to identify areas that need improvement and the means of improving performance. Benchmarking involves looking outward (outside a particular business, organisation, industry, region or country) to examine how others achieve their performance levels and to understand the processes they use. In this way benchmarking helps explain the processes behind excellent performance. When the lessons learnt from a benchmarking exercise are applied appropriately, they facilitate improved performance in critical functions within an organisation or in key areas of the business environment (Tutor2u). Application of benchmarking involves four key steps: Understand in detail existing business processes Analyse the business processes of others Compare own business performance with that of others analysed Implement the steps necessary to close the performance gap The goal of benchmarking is to identify the weaknesses within an organization and improve upon them, with the idea of becoming the best of the best. The benchmarking process helps managers to find gaps in performance and turn them into opportunities for improvement. Benchmarking enables companies to identify the most successful strategies used by other companies of comparable size, type, or regional location, and then adopt relevant measures to make their own programs more efficient. Most companies apply benchmarking as part of a broad strategic process. For example, companies use benchmarking in order to find breakthrough ideas for improving processes, to support quality improvement programs, to motivate staffs to improve performance, and to satisfy managements need for competitive assessments. I choose Benchmarking because it targets roles, processes, and critical success factors. Roles are what define the job or function that a person fulfils. Processes are what consume a companys resources. Critical success factors are issues that company must address for success over the long-term in order to gain a competitive advantage. Benchmarking focuses on these things in order to point out inefficiencies and potential areas for improvement (Reference for Business 2010). By using all types of benchmarking (Internal, external, functional Generic) Peanutty will be able to identify internal or external standard recognized leaders and compare the current process that was implemented for its process. Benchmarking performance measurement system will allow Peanutty to have clear vision towards its current process (internally) and its competitors (competitors) in order to have continuous improvement to achieve its goals on cost reduction and high quality products.

Abortion Essay -- essays research papers

ABORTION Abortion, in my opinion, has been one of the largest debataable issues in American Society. There are so many aspects and views to examine before one can even begin to form their own opinion. In order to discuss an important issue such as abortion, we must first understand what it means. Abortion is the ending of a pregnancy before the fetus has developed and grown enough to live outside the mother. When abortion happens naturally before the 20th week it is called a spontaneous abortion, or miscarriage. If it happens naturally after the 20th week it is termed a late fetal death or a still birth. An abortion caused by a medical procedure is called an induced abortion. Most induced abortion are performed in the first trimester or first 12 weeks after conception.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The abortion debate seems like an unresolable conflict of rights. The right of women to control their own bodies, and the right of children to be born. In the United States abortion became legal in 1973. Recently, courts have upheld the right of a woman to have an abortion, and as a result, has caused many heated debates. The opposing abortion groups are refered to as â€Å"pro-life† and â€Å"pro-choise.† The people who refer to themselves as pro-choise belive the woman has the right to choose for herself whether to have an abortion. It has nothing to do with the humanity of the fetus but is entirely about the womans freedom. They say every persoon has the right to live and move in freedom. A pregnant woman and her unborn child are one and the law should protect the woman’s right. They most often refer to the embryo as nothing â€Å"a blob.† Saying that the fetus is not alive because it can not live outside the womans womb. Furthermore they gone as far as saying the world is already over-populated. They claim abortion is a personal choice. Therefore an abortion is justified if the mother wants an abortion. Whereas pro-life people belive that destroying a human life is morally wrong and should be restricted. Their belive that the loss of one’s life is one of the greatest losses one can suffer. The loss of one’s life deprives one of all the experiences, activ ities, and enjoyments that would otherwise have constituted one’s future. In their eyes abortion is a sin. They claim that human lives are being taken at a rate of 1.5 million a year for convenience. Is abortion right or... ...he already has all the children she wants. Also she could be very young and her parents do not want her to have the baby. Abortions under these circumstances are similar because it’s the deliberate taking of a life just for convenience.. I belive a pregnant woman should seek counseling and advice before making a decision to have an abortion. Counseling early in the pregnancy is important for a positive outcome regardless of whether the pregnancy will continue or an abortion is chosen There is other options for instance the baby could be given up for adoption. Besides if you know you have had unpotected sex there is emergency contraception methods available to prevent pregnancy up to 72 hours after the unprotected sex accoured. There are so many birth control methods currently available for there to be any unwanted pregancies. With one exception for pregnancies tresulting from rape or incest. I feel in my heart that a human life should not be sacrificed because it is a gift from God. This is only my opinion. There are alot of arguments regarding abortion. They all provide food for thought. If you want to hear other arguments just bring up the subject at your next family gathering.

Movie: And The Band Played On Essay

The movie † And The band Played on is about a doctor from world health organisation who is finding the cause of an unknown virus. At first youv’e seen him in the African community where a clinic is near â€Å"Ebola River† Central Africa 1976 were they found an african child that showed them the way of Dr. Azis where they found that he’s already dead with some of the citizen. They found a woman begging for some medicine then she died, they don’t know what the cause of death. The dead people were burn for the virus stop spreading out the community. The virus was called â€Å"The Ebola Fever† it was contained before it could reach the outside world. It was not AIDS but it was a warning of things to come. â€Å"Rigshospitalet Copenhagen 1977† it was the first case of an unknown virus.The victim is dead by Pneumocystis Pnemonia but the doctor said that it was no killer virus so he demmaned what’s the real cause but that all she had. â€Å"Claude-Bernard Hospital Paris 1978† the second case of an unknown virusthis is were his examined there some fungus in the mouth, warts on his arms and more on his legs and his brain is rotting with Toxoplasmosis, a cat disease. Washington D.C. 1980 a democratic platform committee meeting was held about a gay act of special previleges that they are also human and they be must respect like other normal people do. UCLA Medical Center Los Angeles the doctor were puzzled how or why the virus spread in just 2 years. They made a letter and send to the Centers For Disease Control Atlanta, May 1981 to D. Gease. Dr. Francis arrive at Atlanta where he meet is coleage Harold Japey Secutive Trans Division, Ardan Terdare Socioologist, Harold Lorens Division of host factors & Dr. Mary Gaia where they held a meeting about the spreading virus were they have a talking about the information of the virus in doctors in different hospitals. Francis went to the Sloan-Kettering Canser Center New york and talk with a gay person talking about his past life in a book and wishing that he was an italian man in his 60 but he was to young to look like that. New York University Medical Center, Dr. Mary Gaia talked to a man that went a examination on his spot on the neck about some of his personal information on how many times in a year does he have sex with a man but he was on a hurry cathing on a plane that it was not finish. In U.S. cases is 80 and the deaths were 26 Harold Lorens Interview a couple going on the bathhouse of what the other men doing the the bath that could it possible they having sex while washing each others back? and so on. They warned the owner that thier must be some kind of epidemic spreading in the gay community they wan’t to inspect the bath house they found a bottle of rush. They wen’t to a meeting a discuss whether it is a virus or a bacteria, or a bug, what species is infected how do it infect and the prone virus is male or female. They agreed that its all human male or female is infected via sex and other blood to blood contact. They wan’t to have a money to have a laboratory to begin their research about the virus. San Francisco Holloween 1981, they have a festival of gay people. Now the U.S cases is aproxiametely 160 and 88 deaths there is a man walked out and find the doctor’s then he was called to tell his name because he does’nt know him that he don’t care he looked back and found two boys then he noticed the poster â€Å"theirs nothing gay about gay canser† he said that the government doesn’t care about them and they will leave to die but he had a determination to live to go for his life. Mary Gaia met a man she instructed the man to have a answered the consent letter that she will have some specimens it was blood, urine, saliva, and sperm. he ask what is the name of thesickness, gay people called it gaypneumonia. When the holloween is finished, they are trying to find the parasites of mice, rabbits, and guineapigs then a monkey for the virus All they know about the sickness is an unknown organism that they can’t see or find, they don’t know if its a single agent or combination of causes, they don’t know how its transmitted. A man accidentally slip the container of some blood specimen that contains deadly virus. In a hospital there are two women dying from pneumocystis, but it is not deadly sickness so its impossible, there are nineteen people died in 3 years no matter what’s there status, or nationalism. Dr. Rozenbaum was called in the office of the head doctor of the ospital, it was embarrising that the hospital were called â€Å"That ho spital where those people go†. Now the patiens are afraid to come in  the hospital because of the saying and they are afraid to die and that put them in a difficult possition. Washington D.C., office of congressman phillip burton was arguing with his secretary about the expenses in the research for an unknown virus the secretary was warned the congressman that no one knows this thing. Now a president’s won but there are less money for medical funds next year but instead it was put on the department of defense that were actualy increase over budget and figure. Dr. Francis send a requisition for an electron microscope but not a reply was recieved. He has a memo that where are the $196,000 to run the laboratory but he had no reply of yes or no. But he’s colleage was tired and wan’t to go home. Dr. Jemm was called and informed that there are 4 known died in Miami and it is now a not a gay disease and it’s on a every news. He is sick of nothing to know of the virus know he saw a pac-man game that just eat and eat and an idea got on him, he went in harvard school of public health in boston, he ask his instructor of feline & leukimia virus that they both causes virus, immune suppression & long incubation periods, now the hepatitis b it causes canser imune suppresion none. now they are finding between heoatitis b and leukimia virus in a retro virus that causes leukimia that they need of Bob Galo for having found the first retro virus the HTLV that still haven’t found the major cause of it to link it to. Now on national institutes of health bethesda, maryland, march 1982, 258 U.S. cases 199 deaths they called Dr. Bob Galo to come visit them that they found the link for the cause of the problem and mt galo accept it that he would look into. Bill Darwin went to the V.A. Hospital Los Angeles, March 1982 he met a man that is dying and has a 3 friends that die with the same virus he is in a room 666, he tell a story that it started in a barbecue in 1980 in thier backyard it was just him, lover and a gay couple of the street on of them died in october 6,1981, feb 6,1982, march 6,1982, they died at the same day 6 so he is in 666 and he was afraid of that and want to change room but no one listen to him, then he ask when he is crimated is thier any diffirence between him and the cementary outside of his window? Harold Lowens ask for more information that links together, there is a man that he’s a 33 year old that dying but thier was a buddy and he said that it was cause of a man from new york that have a french canadian acsent and ask a blonde man and said that in a bathhouses and so fort, and a gay that gives a name and his full name, he went to new  york and met Janduga and ask on his sex life that he has a gay cans er that its not contaguos and said that its not his fault that it spread it was the doctors fault to stop the virus, Bill Darwin requested that he write all of his sex partner and lovers. Janduga said to Bill that knock before six and not on 6:30 then Bill is happy to have his permission and remember something that someone was given it to him. He called him the next day and make a representation about it, then it was known as sexually transmitted disease.Centers For Disease Control Atlanta, June 1982 they held a media conference wheter this is a sexually transmutted disease or not but the chief dicline it and said that they need more research about it and walk away and Dr. Francis argued with Dr. Current that why did he not tell and play dead and they freaking argued for a 10min. San Francisco June 1982 now there is 405 U.S. cases 272 deaths, they argue about closing the bathhouse or not one of the gay community warned them when the bathhouse is close the community is gone then he leaves. One of his partner names Kiko prepares to leave the house there’s an arkiteck that he wants to be. A theater where one of the virus victim was teaching Dr. Mary Gaia went to talk to the virus victim about this virus that he got this thing and hes scared why is he afraid to tell anybody that he have a virus, he said he has the money to fight this thing but there are more who needs it so he gave it to Dr. Mary Gaia.

Foundations of Leadership

This paper examines foundations of leadership and the role behavior plays in leadership. Behavior defines a person's ability to communicate and form active and powerful relationships within the organizational structure. Behavior influences how a leader will sustain communication to their team members and defines their strategy for leadership. This influences their ability to motivate, build powerful teams and adjust to organizational conflict and change. One role model of effective leadership would Bill Clinton. This paper looks at not only organizational examples of leadership but also the political role model of president to aid in defining foundations for leadership. This paper examines how proactive leadership can be applied to the organizational structure and outcomes or implications result. In today's business world, it is important to address how change agents influence the workplace and how leaders address such issues. In today's marketplace, the pressure to succeed is intense. Never before has a company's efficiency and profitability been so closely measured and studied. Without powerful, active leadership and a well-tuned team in place to motivate and encourage teamwork, a company is doomed to fail. This paper will explore key elements that build a foundation for leadership. See, sometimes what is not completely understood is that leadership involves so many other attributes found in a person. Two main attributes discussed in this paper is the ability to effectively communicate and display emotional intelligence. This brings into focus other skills needed to manage the day to day conflict and corporate environment of today's changing business world. Not only is leadership a key to success and a reflection of the organization's cultural values but it is group of skills needed. These skills include areas of expertise such as communication, motivation, and team building skills. In order for an organization to carry on success, it must turn to role models in the community for inspiration. Rather these role models be present within the culture is important but inherently, people will look around them to leadership already within the framework. This means looking to American culture for such leadership models. It can be continuously debated rather or not the most important leader in the world is effective. This person falls under tremendous scrutiny and accountability. The President of the United States must lead by example and be active in their leadership but one aspect of leadership that must be understood is that people are human and they err in the human way, nor are they perfect. As a role model, this paper will not only look at organizational examples of effective leadership skills but also examine the leadership of Bill Clinton. A key to the foundation for leadership is effective communication and one's ability to behave intelligently. It can be easy to confuse the two concepts of management and leadership on an organizational level. George S. Odiorne (1987) writes, â€Å"one of the more popular definitions of management is that it consists of getting results through other people† (p. 13). In today's company, the role of management also involves leadership within a team structure. Managers have the responsibility to set goals, maintain moral, aid in training and communicating corporate objectives. A good leader provides vision and clarity for the employee. Such a leader will be able to communicate and create a rapport with their team. This connection begins at a fundamental level of human sociology where the use of story is central. Howard Gardner (1995) reflects, â€Å"the ultimate impact of the leader depends most significantly on the particular story that he or she relates or embodies, and the receptions to that story on the part of the audiences† (p. 14). By telling stories, allows for a certain level of openness or vulnerability on the part of the leader and makes them human. By opening the line of communication, gives the employee knowledge of their environment and develops trust. The leader's role is to sell the idea of commitment within a culture. Odiorne (1987) suggests, â€Å"if employees know what is expected, and what help and resources are available, they can then be relied upon to govern their actions to achieve the commitments they have made† (p. 138). This sets the stage for goals and achieving high performance. The culture in turn feeds off this energy and excitement. There are three reasons why leaders are important. First they are responsible for the effectiveness of organizations. Second, the change and upheaval of past years has left us with no place to hide. We need anchors in our lives as a guiding purpose. Third, there is a national concern about integrity of our institutions. Being mindful of own context is difficult for us. (p. 15-16) Managers with a keen understanding of leading represent these three key attributes and create a foundation from which to act. A leader must also display curiosity and have the guts to be daring. They must be a dominant force within the team. Bennis (1989) reflects, there are two kinds of people â€Å"those who are paralyzed by fear, and those who are afraid but go ahead away. Life is not about limitation but options† (p. 185). In the book Primal Leadership, authors David Goleman, Richard Boyatzis, and Annie McKee (2001) present their research on leadership styles within the organizational structure. The research discusses the relationship that these executives have with their emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is the study of emotions and their impact upon the work environment. The research investigates the different leadership styles evident in most organizations today. Mainly, leaders are categorized as either having the visionary, coaching, affiliative, democratic, pacesetting, or commanding leadership styles. Emotional Intelligence relies upon the fact the leader will be able to have a competent level of interaction with the employee by changing leadership styles and adapting to each unique situation throughout the time at work. It reflects successful leadership by allowing for complex relationships for team members by recognizing relationship building, capacity of visions and personal development. Emotional Intelligence for a leader means being able to read people, be read and allow for open dialogue or communication. Research stresses the importance of the leader's flexibility and capability to adapt to his or her environment. An effective leader will understand not only their environment and people but also understand the potential for impact upon that environment. By understanding this key element, an effective leader will know how to define the environment. This is important because employees look to management for guidance. The leader defines the boundaries for the team and creates an atmosphere for building relationships and open communication. This in turn creates stronger teams. Any time people are brought together, behavior both positive and negative can occur. According to the American Heritage College Dictionary (1997), behavior is: â€Å"the manner in which one behaves or the actions or reactions of persons or things in response to external or internal stimuli. † Upon further investigating the verb form also in the American Heritage College Dictionary, the word ‘behave' means â€Å"to conduct (oneself) in a specified way† or â€Å"to act† (p. 123). It is human nature to behave in a certain manner while existing in society. Over a period of time, we react differently to events that happen. How we respond to those events is essentially our behavior. How we communicate with one another is how we express behavior. Organizational Behavior focuses on the study of behavior within the organizational construct. This field of study concentrates on how an individual, group and structure affects the behavior within the organization. Therefore, this has direct bearing on communication as information is vital to learning within the organization. It is important for an organization to learn from its mistakes as this information enhances the organizations' performance. This information when communicated can bring about change and growth within the organization's functions and policies. Motivation can be a complex issue for a leader to communicate when managing a team of different personalities. One key to success is having an understanding of people and the many different things that motivate people, influencing their behaviors while performing a task therefore, influencing communication. A good leader will work to understand what motivates each individual on the team in an effort to improve communications. Still this brings up the issue of needs and how to get them met by the situation. Maslow's Theory of Needs, suggests that individuals have a range of needs and will be motivated to fulfill whichever is the greatest need at that moment in time. In this construct, there are lower-order and higher-order needs. The lower-order needs are dominant until they are at least partially satisfied. Maslow predicted a normal person will turn their attention to higher-order needs once the lower ones were taken care of (Motivation 2005, par. 3). Lower-order needs include items like making a living for food and shelter while higher-order needs are more in tune with personality such as esteem and worth. A team leader will understand how his or her team members perceive themselves within the team and what needs are important to each member. This will aid the leader in knowing how to approach each individual and how to effectively discuss the every day team happenings. By understanding motivation, a leader can also understand which methods of communication work best for each employee. In this way, the leader can adapt his or her tone and body language to better convey the point. By knowing what motivates people, the leader can effectively communicate incentives to the team to boost their morale. This will lead to them offering the team ways to make work interesting and challenging while encouraging members to take ownership of tasks. This encourages the pursuit of goals. Once an employee is acknowledged, a higher level of pride and respect is achieved. This inspires them to take advantage of new learning opportunities and lead within the team. It is also important for the leader to give regular praise and positive feedback when the standard of work is high. On the other hand, it is also important for the leader to offer support during times of struggle and conflict in order to decrease the influence of stress. For managers who actively keep and open dialogue are putting their people first. They are more focused on nurturing and training. Research suggests leaders are more interested in mentoring and training their team rather than focusing on output of numbers or turn around time. This once again acts a mini-strategy to manage communication within the team. This development in team building allows for â€Å"providing people opportunities to learn from their work rather than taking them away from their work to learn† (Hughes, 2004, p. 4). A healthy culture inspires options and the innovations that grow out of creativity. Another issue when creating an intimate team experience is building trust. In an example, the South African Breweries, plc or SAB found itself needing to create trust in a post Apartheid era where racism was still very much causing conflict and lack of communication among workers. As part of implementing an integrated management process, the organization carried out workshops to target its 6,000 employees. These workshops encouraged open discussion about South Africa's past, Apartheid's influence and how shared values increased a sense of workplace community (Supporting workplace learning for high performance working, p. ). The President of the United States has a tremendous pressure on his shoulders as he represents our country to the world. The President can be considered the most powerful man in the world. Is he a good leader, effective in his communication, motivation, team orientation skills? Does he understand the needs of the people and actively lead on this premise of continually making the country a better place or is he a puppet acting out the agenda of his political party? From this standpoint, the United States government can be seen as the ultimate organization with the President as the CEO. Within this structure, is the foundation of leadership present or is the term just used to clean up past mistakes and create new policies only to be changed by future leaders? In this respect, it can be difficult to separate the human from the leader while in public view. He will be analyzed from every angle. From an Organizational Behavior standpoint, it is only logical to believe how one conducts his personal life also reflects his business integrity. Many would argue because of President Clinton's indiscretions that he was a poor leader. He lied and therefore, that changes the public view of him and the level of trust that can be instilled in him. This indiscretion calls his accountability into question or does it? In order to examine Clinton's leadership ability and skills, one must have a handle on their own Emotional Intelligence and be able to separate his business practices from his moral decision of his personal life. There is a reason the business world leaves the personal life at the door; there is a job to be done. Leon Panetta (2001) reflects, â€Å"Clinton is a paradox. He can be described as brilliant, dedicated, slick and dishonest† (p. ). Liberals claim he was passionate about the issues and succeeded in changing many policies concerning civil rights, education, the environment, medical ethics and women's rights. Conservatives liked him because he was able to balance the federal budget, fight for free trade like NAFTA and create tough crime programs. Still does addressing these issues make him an effective leader? Panetta (2001) explains, â€Å"to get a better measure of the man and his presidency, it helps to look at him, both accomplishments and failures. Only then can we understand Bill Clinton, the leader† (p. ) Discussion, Application and Implications The issue of ethics raises another concern for Organizational Behavior and how one conducts themselves within the construct. Communication can lead to misunderstanding but so does lack of action. Sometimes it is not evident that taking action could have changed the outcome. What is important to an organization is that they follow through with every possibility. This is where employees pick up on non-verbal communications from management. If a leader appears not to be concerned, then more than likely the team members will not be either. Internal cues, both verbal and non-verbal are extremely important to not only success but just day-to-day functioning. First leadership must be put in place then a change of policy can be put into place. There must be consistent with the chain of command where both the product and the use of the product are concerned. Everyone must have the same perception of the organization's objective. By having a trusting, open door policy with people creates an atmosphere of safety where communication can take place. Also another idea is to have a program of due diligence where people back each other up and support each other through periods of conflict. This will enable teams to have not just one chain but multiple chains of communications where information is double-checked and triple checked before put into use. This will ensure that any new issues or mistakes are found and addressed before they are put into real-world situations. This can also lead to teams thinking outside the box to create new innovative ideas to fix the problems. By building this type of culture, allows the organization to maintain a high level of integrity with the public but to also remain competitive within the market. The implications of doing business in today's world means constantly being open-minded and remaining comfortable knowing that not every day is same. Some people cannot work in such conditions. As Stephen Robbins (2001) comments, â€Å"As humans, we are creatures of habit. Changes substitute ambiguity and uncertainty for the known† (p. 546). People, by human nature, inherently resist change. Management may find older employees are more loyal but have a harder time embracing new ideas like the Internet because they remember the old days. This resistance to change can result in conflict but it also creates opportunities for innovation. The practice of innovation also begins with embracing or adopting the unexpected. Peter Drucker (1998) describes, â€Å"unexpected successes and failures are such productive sources of innovation opportunities because most business dismiss them, disregard them, and even resent them† (p. 3) and this type of behavior represents people's resistance to change but at the same time creates recognition of new opportunities within the market. Change in the global market, including multicultural demographics and new technologies, has required perceptions to change. The attitude toward knowledge has evolved because more than one type is needed in order to implement a new idea. This changes the needs of workers and organizations as diffusion of innovation takes place as many different points of view are considered. This adds value as it spawns creative thinking but it must also fall within economic reality. It is important to carry out a detailed implementation but also to remain on budget and schedule. The concept of innovation brings up other implications, however. It produces a whole new reality that employees may not be prepared to handle. Product diversification could mean failure. Technology, while it is wondrous and makes jobs easier, can also be dangerous. With telecommunications, a new breed of crime has been created with identity theft and corporate brand protection becoming important. Technology can be disastrous if put in the wrong hands. Antibiotics used to cure infections have saved numerous lives while there is a continued threat of biological weapons of mass destruction. With innovations come new inventions that make our lives easier but also have a higher risk when used. This is the nature of the realm of possibility. This can backfire as it can also destroy and impose new rules of conduct upon communities. As much as many like the idea of innovation, for those scared of change, it is difficult o embrace fully. This means as change rapidly flourishes out of control, those resistant aim to gain control of laws and rules to make change more difficult. This leads to Big Brother watching every public move and return to conservative leadership. One can look to the events of recent months to see the value of Bill Clinton's leadership. He has not retreated from the limelight but instead applied his passion and hope for people in his daily life of action by carrying on his role as a leader. Rather it be his participation in aiding Tsunami victims or right here at home, recent victims of Katrina, he continues his objective of serving the people of the United States. This communicates to us that he cares. Panetta (2001) reflects. â€Å"only in crisis is a president fully tested as to what part of his character will prevail† (p. 6). He may have failed many times but he also used failure as a positive means to evolve as a better man and leader for today's people and their needs. His ability to reach the every day man still defines his leadership power. This paper explored key elements that build a foundation for leadership. Two main attributes discussed in this paper is the ability to effectively communicate and display emotional intelligence. This brings into focus other skills needed to manage the day to day conflict and corporate environment of today's changing business world. Not only is leadership a key to success and a reflection of the organization's cultural values but it is group of skills needed. This paper also discussed how leadership skills have implications and define the work environment for employees. It discussed how leaders must be mindful of change agents and possible outcomes due to innovation and new technologies available. In this respect, the workplace is constantly evolving and without leadership as a framework, the organization would be motivated or able to communicate and teams would dissolve. In order for an organization to carry on success, it must turn to role models in the community for inspiration. Rather these role models be present within the culture is important but inherently, people will look around them to leadership already within the framework. This means looking to American culture for such leadership models. It can be continuously debated rather or not the most important leader in the world is effective. This person falls under tremendous scrutiny and accountability. The President of the United States must lead by example and be active in their leadership but one aspect of leadership that must be understood is that people are human and they err in the human way, nor are they perfect. As a role model, this paper looked at organizational examples of effective leadership skills but also examined the leadership of Bill Clinton. It is important in leadership to embrace change and stick to a vision. By having Emotional Intelligence one can â€Å"recogise the physical and mental signs of our feelings/emotions before we can act on them meaningfully and constructively† (Eby Ruin par. 20). It is by recognizing these attributes that one can build an effective team structure. A leader acts as a coach to not only reinforce the game plan with directions but also encourage creativity, new ideas and acquiring new skills. Foundations for Leadership include: effective communication, motivation and team building. In order to better understand leadership, we must look for role models within the organization but also outside to society. The President of the United States can be considered the ultimate definition of leadership but can he live up to the standard? This allows an organization to build a value system where the foundations of leadership are prized and seen as tools for success. And in order to survive in the business world, leadership and its foundations must be valued by the organization.