Juvenile justice Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Adolescent equity - Thesis Example It is unequivocally felt that the best foundations that could attempt kid or adolescent guilty parties should be Juvenile Courts, and not grown-up Courts. This is a direct result of the two chief reasons: 2. At their young age, what is progressively significant is the capacity of the framework to take remedial and rehabilitative measures to bring the wrongdoer once more into the standard so as to do profitable and valuable work in future. By detaining the kid to prison sentences, their future lives are ruined and significantly after their sentences are finished, it might be past the point where it is possible to being them once again into the standard of public activity, and consequently, later, they would demonstrate loads for themselves and society and may enjoy huge scope crimes due to non-remedial measures. Youngsters and adolescents are not in a situation to offer solid guard in grown-up official courtrooms on account of their psychological handicaps and different restrictions on account of which their position would be underestimated in grown-up Courts and they would not be in a situation to shield themselves just as they might have the option to do in Juvenile Courts, which would need to take progressively merciful point of view of their violations and misdemeours and pass decisions, in light of individual attributes of the wrongdoing and saw 'kid criminal. The part of youngsters being attempted in grown-up Courts is a social issue and s... Decisions should be founded on rehabilitative and remedial treatment and not intended to be corrective based. The part of youngsters being attempted in grown-up Courts is a social issue and sociologists, kid conduct masters and kid clinicians need to feel the duty of guaranteeing that the frequency of such cases are kept to the base. In any case, when one needs to pass judgment on the seriousness of the wrongdoing, particularly murder or assault, there should be a more noteworthy level of self-sufficiency to be conceded to the lawful procedure in attempting such genuine offenses and dispensing discipline to the guilty parties, regardless of whether under-age or grown-up. This examination study would take up the matter of attempting kids and its short and long haul suggestions upon society. The examination question is: Should youngsters or Juveniles be attempted in grown-up courts Writing Review: So as to comprehend the movement of this theory, it is important to return to history. The parts of adolescent Courts are an ongoing wonder. During the eighteenth Century, a guilty party who was over 7 years old would be treated as grown-ups. It was thought during that time that youngsters beneath 7 years needed good limit, and was in this manner without giving assent. It has been reported that, before the twentieth Century, 10 youngsters beneath 14 years old were granted the death penalty in US for carrying out horrifying wrongdoings. (Stolba, 2001). The blend of kid guilty parties with grown-up crooks in jail settings made social agitation, to such an extent that the General public for the anticipation of adolescent delinquents was framed in 1925. With the essential goal of restoring adolescent guilty parties. Since most of

Precise Molded Products Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exact Molded Products - Case Study Example Likewise, the organization may go through some cash on the trainings and extra working hours for the entire division yet the outcomes will profit the organization over the long haul. Today is smarter to contribute on human capital and have the drawn out advantages than set aside cash today and persistently acquire misfortunes as a result of the rejects later on. The top administration will hold a gathering and converse with the individuals from the quality office and get some information about their issues and worries about their area of expertise, the items, and the organization in general. Subsequent to assessing the issues experienced in the division, proficient students will hold the preparation. The preparation will incorporate group structures to improve the representatives' relationship with one another so clashes and correspondence obstructions will be forestalled. Second, TQM preparing will be done in light of the fact that it is currently broadly used to guarantee quality in all parts of the organization. All out Quality Management is likewise fit for wiping out imperfections and blunders in tasks (Stark, 1998). Six Sigma will likewise be remembered for the preparation. This is presently a famous pattern in the board where information serious procedure is utilized to dispense with deserts in the organization's creation (Six Sigma). This will help Bob Thomas in reducing the creation rejects of the organization utilizing systematical approaches. References Six Sig

Esse quam videri

Esse quam videri As I find myself  again,  railing against something published in the New York Times about the college admissions process, it is hard for me to deny just how much of a curmudgeon I have become. I’m pretty sure that it is not simply a function of age, but rather a fundamental difference in perspective relating to what applying to college is supposed to be about. As an admissions officer, I recognize that while the application process can be very competitive, it is not inherently a competition. This is a nuance that I don’t think that many students, parents and journalists appreciate. I have the luxury of being able to be a purist in this regard, and I acknowledge how radical my thinking might seem. Recently, I have been putting my radical thinking into practice by regularly suggesting to potential applicants that they should avoid trying to get admitted.  In my mind, it makes perfect sense.  It is, at least initially though, nearly incomprehensible to the vast majority. I do explain that I am not discouraging them from applying for admission, but rather making a distinction between submitting an application and trying to manipulate the process in order to gain admission. In case this distinction is not clear, applying for admission involves the submission of academic credentials and supporting documents from which a composite is formed that enables the admissions office to determine whether an applicant is a good match. Trying to get admitted, on the other hand, is essentially the exact opposite. A prospective student, based upon what they believe will create a “winning” application, works backwards to repackage themselves into their vision of the perfect applicant. Sometimes students have wonderfully transformative experiences in situations like these, and even do a great deal of good along the way.  However, much of the time, students fail to connect with any underlying meaning, and merely end up with a contrived essay topic or an additional faux activity that frequently does more harm than good for their admission chances. WARNING: You are about to encounter a mini-rant. Have you ever considered how community service became the de rigueur activity that everyone needed to do in order to look good for college? I imagine it went something like this. At the end of another very competitive admissions cycle, a journalist made calls to admissions offices fishing for an interesting bit of information that might make a good story. From that fishing expedition, an admissions officer recounted how there was this one kid that was really memorable, because she saw a need in her community and took action because somebody needed to. Her actions inspired others, and the community came together and made a significant difference. She wrote about her experiences in her college application essay because those experiences were a big part of who she had become. The journalist wrote a compelling story, which got picked up by a number of other outlets, because in addition to being a positive human-interest piece it also repre sented the discovery of a formula for success in the admissions process that could be replicated by virtually anyone. Don’t get me wrong. I think kids doing community service is great, but if all they get from their experience is a tally of hours, or they have to travel half way around the world to discover that there are poor people, they are missing the point. If they can’t talk or write about their experiences with some level of introspection, and ponder questions like Why are resources distributed in such a way that there are individuals in great need, whose very survival may depend upon the charitable assistance of others? then something is lacking. Rather than creating an image that is unique and distinctive, they have simply completed an elaborate “paint by numbers,” that may be appealling at first glance, but is woefully short on substance. End of rant. If you are wondering what my point is, it can be best summed up with a Latin phrase that I heard several months ago that has really stuck with me â€" Esse quam videri, which translates “To be, rather than to seem.” Beyond the college admissions process, I would say that this is also a good core principle for life. Most of us want people in our lives who are what they seem. This is especially true for close friends. Most would also acknowledge that a relationship that is based upon being something that one is not, is destined for failure. Why then, would the college experience be any different? Of course, it is different because it involves multiple relationships, rather than a single one. And although, an undergraduate experience is finite (4 years for most), the relationships are anything but finite, as they continue throughout the course of one’s life. The bottom line is this. If an institution doesn’t appreciate applicants for who they are, then the applicants will ultimately be much better off in places where they will be appreciated, particularly if they have the freedom to be themselves. If they want to have that freedom, they need to ensure that the central focus of the college search and application process is on who they are and what is right for them, rather than the prized offer of admission, from the big name universiy, that will impress their friends and family.

Evaluation Of A Randomized Survey On The Groups That...

Analysis I plan to complete a randomized survey on the groups that chose to attend my meetings. The survey will analyze three aspects including when drunk driving is most likely to occur, what is the leading factor that influences people to get behind the wheel after drinking, and if the driver notices any difference in his or her driving capability. After completion of the survey, I will compare the differences and similarities and see if I can come to a conclusion on how to decrease this from occurring. For example, I will pay attention to which holidays or days in general that driving while under the influence occurs the most. This will give me an idea as to when I should set up a solution to this problem that our community faces on daily bases. Planning My ultimate goal for this program plan is to encourage and educate people throughout our community on the consequences of driving while under the influence. In order to achieve the goal of my plan, I have established a goal and some objectives to support the goal. Therefore, there will certain times that meetings will be held to ensure individuals are getting valid information on the issue. The success of this plan will be based on the availability of information and the ability to encourage and prove to individuals how dangerous this really is. Goal: Assist and encourage people who abuse alcohol in the Pittsylvania County Region to refrain from driving after drinking. Objectives 1) 100% of participants willShow MoreRelatedEssay On Research Based Instructional Resource1215 Words   |  5 Pages Evaluation of Research-based Instructional Resource W. Matthew Gentry, II Lincoln Memorial University â€Æ' Abstract Successmaker is an online research-based Response-To-Intervention. This paper is a critique of a 2012-13 study done by Gatti Evaluations Inc. The sample study covers eighteen schools from the Midwest and west coast. 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(myburke.org, 2017) states that â€Å"Burke’s mission is to provide the highest-quality and most compassionate and comprehensive mental health and developmental disability services to every client in East Texas that needs them.† The agency is wellRead MoreImpact of Print Media on Society10439 Words   |  42 Pagesa one-shot media literacy treatment to change sociocultural attitudes toward appearance. Four speech classes at the University of Central Florida were used in a Solomon fourgroup design. Group 1 received a posttest; Group 2 received a pretest and a posttest; Group 3 received the treatment and posttest; and Group 4 received the pretest, treatment and posttest. The treatment consisted of the Dove Evolution film, a viral video introduced in 2006 by Dove as part of its Campaign f or Real Beauty. The filmRead MoreCauses and Effects of Internet Addiction Among Students10456 Words   |  42 PagesFrangos2 and Apostolos P. Kiohos3 Abstract Internet addiction (IA) is a new disorder described in 1996 by the psychologist Kimberly Young. The aim of this paper is to estimate the percentage of IA among Greek university students. Results of a sample survey among 1876 Greek university students, 18-27 years old, are presented. The questionnaire consisted of eight questions from Young’s Diagnostic Test for Internet Addiction (YDTIA) as well as an inventory including demographic factors and questions aboutRead MoreNursing Essay41677 Words   |  167 Pagesautonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine w as established in 1970 by the National Academy

How Does Miller convey his Message through The Crucible...

How Does Miller convey his Message through The Crucible? In this essay, I will explore the message communicated through The Crucible to its audience, and the way in which its author, Arthur Miller, attempts to convey it, especially through one of the plays main characters, John Proctor. The main issues raised by the play are the role of the individual within society, the value of ones name and perceptions of justice and truth. I shall endeavour to expand on all of these topics and their relevance to the play. Miller chose to write about a small settlement called Salem, in what was (at the time the play was set) the New World, North America. He had previously read a book entitled The devil in Massachusetts by Marion†¦show more content†¦It was presided over by an all-powerful theocracy (that is, a joint Religious and Governmental power), that regulated everyday life within the Village. The first leaders of the settlement, when it was founded in 1626, devised the rules which would be the salvation and yet the downfall of the community. It was set up by a group of puritans, an extremely strict, orthodox sect of the Christian church, who were persecuted for their beliefs, back in England. The laws had two main purposes: to protect the community from outside threats and to safeguard the religious nature of the settlement. Native Indians who had hitherto occupied North America uninhibited regarded Western settlers as a threat and there were great many battles between the two parties, over land and resources. This however only commenced in a large scale, as did the colonisation of the New World towards the end of the18th century. Salemites were therefore encouraged to be efficient in their day to day tasks and prepared for any invading threats. These instructions placed a large amount of pressure on inhabitants to conform to their society. The rules imposed upon the peoples of Salem were there to maintain an effective organisation, however due to their rigid imposition, also conceived a fear and mistrust of change; the unknown and the different. Anything that fell under these categories was heavily frowned upon, and thoroughly discouraged. This suspicionShow MoreRelatedThe Effectiveness of the Closing Scene of Arthur Millers The Crucible973 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effectiveness of the Closing Scene of Arthur Millers The Crucible Arthur Miller was born in 1915 and was only fourteen years of age at the time of the Wall Street crash, this clearly affected his life. His plays often concentrated upon contemporary society and problems it may face. 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Critical evaluation of a research article Free Essays

Introduction This work presents a critical evaluation of the research article entitled, ‘How traumatic is breast cancerPost-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and risk factors for severe PTSS at 3 and 15 months after surgery in a nationwide cohort of Danish women treated for primary breast cancer’, written by O’Connor et al. and published in 2011 in the British Journal of Cancer, volume 104, pages 419-426. The evaluation provides a description of the aims, findings and arguments put forward in the article, a critical appraisal of the issues, theories and concepts included in the article and an assessment of the sources of information used in the article. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical evaluation of a research article or any similar topic only for you Order Now The title of the article – How traumatic is breast cancerPost-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and risk factors for severe PTSS at 3 and 15 months after surgery in a nationwide cohort of Danish women treated for primary breast cancer – is an accurate representation of what is included in the article, as the article, indeed, talks about PTSS and risk factors for severe PTSS in Danish women treated for primary breast cancer. The title is a very accurate description of what is included in the article. The aim of the article is clear: as noted in the abstract for the article, the stated aim of O’Connor et al. (2011; 419) was to, â€Å"†¦explore the prevalence of and risk factors for cancer-related PTSS in a nationwide inception cohort of women treated for primary breast cancer†. The clarity of the aim, coupled with the clear and accurately descriptive title, allows the reader of the article to orient themselves as to what the authors will be discussing in the body of the article. It is easy for the reader to feel that the authors ha a clear idea of what their research was, where it fits in the body of research and literature in this subject and, on this basis, how they would carry their research out. The objectives of the article are made not made so clear by the authors, but it can be understood, from the very clear stated aim, that the objective of the article was to determine what the prevalence and risk factors are for PTSS in primary breast cancer survivors in Denmark. In terms of the rationale for the study, the authors make clear, in the first sentence of the abstract, that the literature in this area, whilst extensive, is not concurrent, in that there are variations, across the reports in the research, as to the prevalence of PTSS in women living with and recovering from breast cancer. The rationale of the O’Connor et al. (2011) study was, therefore, to add to the literature in this area with a definitive study of PTSS, and its risk factors, in a sample of Danish women. A search of PubMed, for example, using the search terms ‘breast cancer PTSS’ returns five results: the O’Connor et al. (2011) article; an article by Andersen et al. (2008) looking at the search for sense in breast cancer survivors with low quality of life; an article by Morrill et al. (2008) looking at the interaction of post-traumatic growth and PTSS on the presence of depression in breast cancer survivors; an article by Tjemsland et al. (1998) looking at PTSS in breast cancer survivors one year after surgery; and the fifth and final article which is not relevant to the topic. It is clear, therefore, that the rationale for the study is valid: there are, indeed, few published articles looking at the specific research topic proposed by O’Connor et al. (2011). In terms of the sample and data collection, as O’Connor et al. (2011) note, the sample for the research was 4917 women from Denmark, aged between 18 and 70, all of whom had been diagnosed with, and were recovering from, primary breast cancer and who had undergone surgery for their breast cancer during a very specific time period, namely October 2001 and March 2004. In terms of the inclusion criteria for the sample, it was important that all women included had no history of other cancers and that the women could read and write in Danish (to ensure that they fully understood, and could respond to, the questionnaire used to collect the data). It is important to note that all women selected for inclusion in the O’Connor et al. (2011) research were breast cancer free at the time of the data collection. The women’s medical histories were checked and only women treated via the same treatment modality, namely the standardised guidelines as set out in the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group, were included in the sample used in the research. This was to ensure that the women had all received the same treatment, at the same time, to ensure that any potential bias was reduced. Bias could have been introduced, for example, if the women selected for study had been in recovery for longer or if the women had all received different treatment modalities or if the women was still living with breast cancer: by selecting women on the basis of a certain date for the surgery, and a certain treatment modality, and by applying the strict inclusion criteria, the researchers minimised the potential effects of bias, ensuring as high a possible validity and reliability for the results found (Gerrish and Lacey, 2010). As Roberts et al. (2006) note, â€Å"†¦reliability and viability are ways of demonstrating and communicating the rigour of research processes and the trustworthiness of research findings†. For research to be helpful, the research process and the results reported need to be as clear and transparent as possible: misleading information will cause the reader to doubt the research process and, therefore, the validity of the results reported. As Roberts et al. (2006) suggest, the trustworthiness of a research article depends on many factors including the research question posed, the initial research question, the ways in which the data is collected, the ways in which the data is analysed and the conclusions that are drawn from the findings presented (see, also, Cormack, 2000). At the moment, on the basis of the research question posed and the data collection methods, the O’Connor et al. (2011) seems to be trustworthy and, therefore, reliable. Reliability, in this context , can be understood as the degree to which a particular set up can, â€Å"†¦produce similar results in different circumstances, assuming nothing else has changed† (Roberts et al., 2006). Regarding the data collection method, O’Connor et al. (2011) utilised a mailed-out questionnaire to obtain data from the sample of women regarding their post-traumatic stress symptoms, as measured using the IES, which is utilised widely in the literature as a measure of PTSS, given the strong correlations in interviews between IES scores and clinical diagnoses of PTSS. Additional covariates were gathered from the women via the questionnaire, including demographic and socioeconomic variables such as age, marital status, number of children, income, educational level, social status and net wealth, amongst other variables (O’Conner et al, 2011). These variables were collected in order to test, statistically, the relationships between the degree of PTSS found in the patients and all of the variables, to see if there were any pervasive links between the presence of PTSS and any particular variable. It could be, for example, that a patient’s age predisposes them to be m ore likely to experience PTSS following surgery for breast cancer, or that the person’s educational attainment affects their likelihood of experiencing PTSS. It was important, therefore, that O’Connor et al. (2011) controlled for all potentially confounding variables, in order to be sure that any relationship found between the presence of PTSS and the most probable risk factors were actually true and not simply an artefact of the data collection method (Black, 1999). In terms of the data analysis, the data analysis was conducted using non-parametric tests, namely Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis (O’Connor et al., 2011). Comparisons between the independent variables and the PTSS score, as measured via the IES, were conducted using chi-squared tests. Adjusted analyses were conducted using logistic regressions with PTSS being the dependent variable (O’Connor et al., 2011). The results found were reported as adjusted odds ratios (O’Connor et al., 2011). It can be seen, therefore, that the statistical tests used were appropriate for the type of data collected: the use of non-parametric tests, for example, was appropriate, given the fact that the variances were found to differ markedly amongst respondents (Bryman and Cramer, 1990). The use of the chi-squared test in this case is also appropriate, as discussed in Siegel (1957), given the fact that all participants were independent and that frequency data was collected from the partic ipants via the questionnaire. Overall, then, the selection and use of the statistical tests to analyse the data were appropriate, giving confidence that the data analysis was conducted appropriately and that the results found from the analyses are reliable. Regarding the interpretation of the results and the main findings of the article, around 20% of the women surveyed exhibited PTSS at 3 months after surgery, reducing to around 14% at 15 months following the surgery (O’Connor et al., 2011). Regarding the predictors of PTSS in women surviving breast cancer, the presence of severe PTSS was related to older age at 3 months post-surgery. Being a mother of small children also increased a woman’s chances of developing PTSS following their surgery. The data analysis also found that several socioeconomic variables were also strong predictors of PTSS: education, occupational status, personal income and household net wealth (O’Connor et al., 2011). Higher educational attainment was strongly related to a reduced chance of developing PTSS. It is clear, then, that there are various factors that are related to a woman’s chance of developing PTSS following surgery for primary breast cancer. In terms of whether the article makes any contribution to the field of health psychology, it is clear from the article that there are various factors that are related to a woman’s chance of developing PTSS following surgery for primary breast cancer. Given the strong link between these factors and the development of PTSS, there is an argument to be made that women patients with breast cancer who have such risk factors should be offered counselling pre- and post-surgery in order to be able to help to mitigate the risk factors and help these women to avoid developing PTSS. Regarding the conclusion of the article, in terms of whether the conclusions drawn are justified, as has been discussed in the critique of the article, the authors took every precaution possible to ensure that the sample selection and data collection were designed in such a way that the risk of bias was minimised, this increasing the reliability and validity of the findings, and conclusions, presented in the article. This means that the conclusions drawn are not only justified, in terms of the aim of the article, but also that the conclusions from the article can be considered robust and, therefore, trustworthy. The significance of the article, in terms of the contribution it makes to knowledge in this area is great. As O’Connor et al. (2011) themselves note, this is the first article to look at the prevalence of, and risk factors for, PTSS in breast cancer survivors. Additionally, given the large sample size of the article and the rigour of the data collection and data analys is, the results obtained can be argued to be very robust (Creswell, 2008) and, therefore, of high reliability. Regarding the extent to which people who have experienced breast cancer might be helped by the findings of the article, as O’Connor et al. (2011) note, breast cancer and surviving breast cancer is a highly traumatic experience for women. Knowing what factors cause women to experience greater levels of trauma post-surgery is very useful as this knowledge can be used to target those women at greater risk of suffering PTSS and, equipped with this knowledge, delivering counselling to these women to ensure that their risk of developing PTSS is lessened. As O’Connor et al. (2011) suggest, to have this knowledge is akin to being forewarned: pre-emptive measures can be taken to mitigate the potential negative effects of the risk factors and to reduce the chance of women at risk of developing PTSS. In general terms, then, the article – if its findings were transmitted through the general media – would be helpful to women as women could, if they were at risk of deve loping PTSS following surgery, seek help themselves from their medical team. As PTSS has been linked to depression and other psychiatric problems in breast cancer survivors (Morrill et al., 2008), any preventative measures that could be offered to such women would help save them from further trauma and help them to live with a better quality of life (Andersen et al., 2008). References Andersen, M.R. et al. (2008). Frequent search for sense by long-term breast cancer survivors associated with reduced HRQOL. Womens Health 47, 19-37. Black, T.R. (1999). Doing quantitative research in the social sciences. Sage. Bryman, A. and Cramer, D. (1990). Quantitative data analysis for social scientists. Taylor Francis. Cormack, D. (2000). The research process in nursing. Blackwell. Creswell, J.W. (2008). Research design: qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. Sage. Gerrish, K. and Lacey, A. (2010). The research process in nursing. Wiley. Morrill, E.F. et al. (2008). The interaction of post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic stress symptoms in predicting depressive symptoms and quality of life. Psychooncology 17, 948-953. Roberts, P. et al. (2006). Reliability and validity in research. Nursing Standard 20, 41-45. Siegel, S. (1957). Nonparametric statistics. The American Statistician 11, 13-19. Tjemsland, L. et al. (1998). Posttraumatic distress symptoms in operable breast cancer III: status one year after surgery. Breast Cancer 47, 141-151. How to cite Critical evaluation of a research article, Essays

Electronic Arts Strategic Management Essay Example For Students

Electronic Arts Strategic Management Essay Currently Electronic Arts (EAI) is the leading game developer, publisher and marketer. It developed games for various devices, such as consoles (Sony AS, Microsoft Oxbow and Nintendo WI), wireless phones and handheld devices (Intends Game Boy and Sony SSP), personal computers and Websites. Its goal is to become the biggest and best entertainment company in the world, thats What Seas chairman and CEO, Lawrence Probes is aiming. But this is not an easy task as a few years before, the gaming industry had suffered a declining refit due to slower-than-expected transition to next-generation video game platforms and partly because of significantly higher costs to develop new games. On the other hand the video game industry is expected to increase significantly. This is mostly due to the enthusiasm shown by game users to purchase Sony Palpitations 3 (ASS), Microsofts Oxbow 360, Nineteens WI and also other new game consoles. In order to recommend a strategy which will increase EASE profitability, shown below is the SOOT analysis and Micromanagement Analysis: Strength Opportunity Leading independent developer, publisher and marketer of video games with the biggest market share, -Developed games for various types of game console Able to distribute and sell all over the world High speed internet connections can have an impact to how interactivity between users can be enhanced and also the ease of purchasing the games online will decrease production and distribution cost Growth of game player* Now, more adults continue to play games. This in turn makes the target market doubled. Broader game content. Better quality of graphics and play. Multiple uses of games console which include TV, DVD player, radio, internet, stream video and Other capabilities Easier to develop games based on Movie or certain type of sports. The creative process is only in making the game more interactive and not in developing the new characters and plots. Massively Multilayer Online Games (OMG), with this online community a strong bond between games and players can be established. This will make easier for EAI to get feedback for their games and increase revenue. Emergence of mobile gaming and collaboration with cellular provider. Weakness Threat Slower transition adopting new technology, new platforms and new markets, Some of the leading profit makers in video games is associated to other entity such as FIFE NFG NAB and also collaboration with movie industry such as Harry Potter, Monster Inc. Tomb Raider and almost all new movie rele ases targeted to young audiences. This relationship could be a blessing and a burden, since EAI has to pay tort the royally and attached to the agreement between both party. Rapid change of game platform and technology -Sharply rising in development cost Declining price for video games Royalty fee and license to other Para Dependent on game console. If new console released is delayed, than the game produced by EAI will also be delayed -Higher competition between game developer in turn Will make higher promotion budget Micromanagement Analysis: Recommendations: In order to to become the biggest and best entertainment company in the world, there should be a collaboration between the company, academia and the government. They should make efforts on the following three strategies: The first being a development strategy; the second a business strategy; and he third a communications strategy. Development Strategy (1) Establish an environment that brings out the creators potential Internal, national and also international to acknowledge and reward outstanding game creators should be created. Conferences for game developers should be held, and the scope of game companies confidentiality obligations and procedures for authorizing a games release should be clarified. (2) Reinforce the system for ensuring the promotion of high-caliber human resources Within the company The skills and career paths required for games developers and other posts would be clarified, the introduction Of a screening system should be considered. Programs to acknowledge and reward students who produce games as well as the creation Of a recruitment portal site for the game industry should be considered. (3) Promote human resources development through company- academia coordination ; Internships in the game industry should be promoted. Establishing a contact point in the game industry for coordination with educational institutions should be considered. (4) Establish a system for the promotion of R .u6aadca35b8021ea6f8ff5ff0350e9007 , .u6aadca35b8021ea6f8ff5ff0350e9007 .postImageUrl , .u6aadca35b8021ea6f8ff5ff0350e9007 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6aadca35b8021ea6f8ff5ff0350e9007 , .u6aadca35b8021ea6f8ff5ff0350e9007:hover , .u6aadca35b8021ea6f8ff5ff0350e9007:visited , .u6aadca35b8021ea6f8ff5ff0350e9007:active { border:0!important; } .u6aadca35b8021ea6f8ff5ff0350e9007 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6aadca35b8021ea6f8ff5ff0350e9007 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6aadca35b8021ea6f8ff5ff0350e9007:active , .u6aadca35b8021ea6f8ff5ff0350e9007:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6aadca35b8021ea6f8ff5ff0350e9007 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6aadca35b8021ea6f8ff5ff0350e9007 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6aadca35b8021ea6f8ff5ff0350e9007 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6aadca35b8021ea6f8ff5ff0350e9007 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6aadca35b8021ea6f8ff5ff0350e9007:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6aadca35b8021ea6f8ff5ff0350e9007 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6aadca35b8021ea6f8ff5ff0350e9007 .u6aadca35b8021ea6f8ff5ff0350e9007-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6aadca35b8021ea6f8ff5ff0350e9007:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: decision making EssayGame-related research conducted at universities should be studied; industry-academia coordination and inter-company coordination should he presenting awards for new technologies and essays related to Ganges should be considered. Business Strategy (I) promote business development that makes use of the broadband Establishing a forum for coordination between home video environment game companies and online game companies, as fuel as a forum for exploring measures to cope with new issues that accompany the development of online games, should be considered. ) Promote business development of small- and medium-sized venture firms The exhibition of the incu bation (support for new projects) functions of universities should be promoted, along with the improvement of a fund procurement environment for games companies. Communication Strategy (1) Implement efforts aimed at two-way communication Efforts should be made to establish two-way communication With society and people by setting up a forum for dialogue veneer industry and customers, parents and guardians, those in the education field, the media, etc. ) Reinforce efforts for the sound development of young people Regarding the new rating system by age of the Computer Entertainment Rating Organization (CERO), activities should be undertaken to disseminate this system throughout society and among the people, and constant reviews should be made that take the social context into account. Furthermore, activities should be advanced to ensure that the new system is in line with other rating systems (tort example those for movies, videos, etc. ), and efforts should he made to realize an even clearer rating system.

International Trade and Investment

Cultural Universals Essays

Cultural Universals Essays Cultural Universals Paper Cultural Universals Paper I have chosen to write about why cultural universals pose a problem for moral relativism in this paper. I will begin by defining cultural universals (CU). Then, I will cite examples of such theory and continue by applying them to situations In which these slmllarltles can be seen. Next, I will discuss how we can convince ourselves that a given standard of behavior Is In fact a cultural universal. I will then define moral relatlvlsm as well as provide examples of cultural differences that are often cited in regards of moral relativism. Lastly, I will explain how the existence of cultural niversals undermines moral relativism. James Rachels believes that there are some moral rules that are common throughout differing cultures that is necessary in order to make society function properly (Rachels, 23). We should view social customs then in terms of whether or not those moral rules cultural practices benefit or hurt the people that are being affected by It (Rachels, 26). In his paper, A Defense of Ethical Objectivism, Louis PoJman provides us with his diversity thesis (PoJman, 39). The diversity thesis simply acknowledges the fact that different societies have dfferent moral codes (PoJman, 9). For example, In some cultures cows are thought to be sacred and not to be touched (Rachels, 21) where In many other cultures this practice would seem strange and they would continue to kill cows for their meat. However, if someone were to examine these two cultures they would find that it is their beliefs that differ and not their values; the cultures in which place high importance on cows may believe that after death their loved ones return inhabiting a cows body which reflects other cultures honoring their dead (Rachels, 21). All cultures have respect for some form of eity; Jewish men wear a yarmulke as a way to show their reverence to God when worshiping whereas Christian men remove everything from the head before they go into places of worship (Pojman, 40). We can conclude then that a standard of behavior Is In fact a cultural universal. This concept Is supported by the Ideas that all cultures place Importance on a certain set of morals although their practices for observing these morals depend on the culture in which they are raised. All cultures value trustworthiness and honesty; if lying were to made into a socially acceptable habit then no one would be able to listen to others. Everything that was said to them could in fact be lies which would then cause them to isolate themselves from society ultimately causing dissolution of the culture they are living within (Rachels, 23). John Ladd believes that there are no moral norms within a society, these norms vary throughout communities and therefore no one set of rules can be applied to all society at any time (PoJman, 38). For example, the Callatlans ate the bodies of their dead while Greeks practiced cremation methods. William Graham Sumner believes that morals are Innate to Individuals Just as learning to speak, walk and take our first breathes (Rachels, 24). Therefore, there is no objective way to view right and wrong (PoJman, 39). Sumner states that if cultural relativism is true than there must be certain facts that must be widely acknowledged. No longer would we be able to Judge other societies customs to be morally inferior to our own (Rachels, 19). We could no longer criticize others for their moral beliefs; freedom of speech is guaranteed to all American born citizens however those people who are living in China are under total dictatorship and cant freely express themselves. Society as a whole could not condemn these practices while practicing moral relativism as it goes against one of he main points stressed within the theory itself. If cultural relativism were employed it would prevent us from Judging and questioning our own countrys policies as well as preventing us to pass Judgment upon other cultures (Rachels, 19). In order to determine whether a particular action is right or wrong an individual needs only to review the standards of the society in question. Rachels cites an example of an Indian resident questioning the morality of her countrys caste system, a policy of hierarchal order (20). The woman must think in terms of her society’s culture in order to figure out whether or not something is moral or not. Cultural universals pose a problem for moral relativism for many reasons. Moral relativism teaches us that there is no absolute way of Judging the morality of a particular situation. The fact that different cultures exist throughout the world reiterates the idea that those people who live within these smaller communities are influenced by the opinions of the larger group on what is moral versus immoral. Cultural universals tell us that stealing and killing is morally wrong wherever it should occur; however, each society has their own culture and based on their past history they have different opinions on each of these practices. For example, the Eskimos practiced infanticide, a practice which allowed them to kill the infants who were too sickly to survive in the harsh climates. Rachels introduces us to Knud Rasmussen, an explorer. Rasmussen stated that he had met a woman who killed half of the children she bore; in todays American society we would find this action atrocious and despicable. However, at the time the Eskimos were practicing this method they believed that they were doing the babies a favor almost and that they were morally correct. Food was scarce and the weather posed many difficulties for hese families to survive; therefore in order for the majority to survive they would only be able to keep the stronger infants as a way to ensure their long-term survival as a means to help the general society in the future. Cultural universals goes against moral relativism. Cultural universals could not exist as long as moral relativism is in existence. The morality of a situation depends upon where an individual is raised; the possibility of all cultures agreeing on the morality of a subject is slim to none.

Contribution of relevance and reliability on financial reporting Essay

Contribution of relevance and reliability on financial reporting - Essay Example Main objective of accounting policy is to produce fair valued accounting information that is highly reliable and relevant to the purpose and objectives of financials statement. Financial statements are the most important components of annual report that all public limited companies publish each year for the stakeholders of the company. The financial statements need to be the fair and ethical representation of financial details of all activities performed by the companies. Financial information is responsible for financial decision making by the investors, creditors, suppliers etc. Most important is investment decision making by the investors. So, relevance and reliability need to be two most important characteristics of financial statements of any organizations. These determine the quality of financial reporting. Main objectives of financial statements are to provide fairly reported and audited financial information to the shareholders of the organizations. So, users of financial sta tements consider it as reliable and relevant sources for taking decision for any financial purposes like investment, credit, supply etc. So, being a highly responsible for financial decision making, financial statements need to be relevant and reliable. ... So, all these external stakeholders of a company are highly reliable on its financial reporting which truly represents the company’s actual value and performance. Internal purpose of financial reporting is to retain standardized record of financial activities done by the company in a regular interval of time i.e. quarterly, half yearly and yearly. It helps the organizations to evaluate its performance at the end of each financial year and also the end of each quarter of a financial year (FASB, p.15). Companies develop future business strategies based on the past performance of the company which can only be possible to evaluate from the financial reporting of past quarter or past financial years. Companies change strategies and planning for implementing new activities for next quarter and next financial years and they also develop budgeting for next financial years by analyzing previous years projection verses actual results. All these are possible because of maintaining fair v alued financial reporting. (Narotama University, p.135). Financial statements published by the companies provide valuable information to the investors, shareholders, creditors, suppliers so that they can track the value with respect to time and uncertainty of a business entity. Future performance of a firm can be assessed by the future cash inflow and cash outflow into a business. The elements of financial statements like income statement, balance sheet and cash flow are very important to evaluate company’s performance and financial health. Investors are the most important users of financial statements. From financial statements, they assess the stewardship of management to an

The abuse at abu ghraib happened because of basic socio-biological Essay

The abuse at abu ghraib happened because of basic socio-biological drives because humans are naturally prone to treat people who are not considered of their own - Essay Example In the United States who is the self-proclaimed protector of human rights and a country which has a multicultural society, discrimination is still a huge problem within this society. In this country hate crimes are an epidemic and a real solution towards preventing them are currently not viable since the society is not ready to transform itself and truly accept people who are different from the status quo. In 2004 an unfortunate event occurred at Abu Ghraib in which Iraqi prisoners were abused by American soldiers and civilian subcontractors. This paper describes this event and proposes that the reason the abuses at Abu Ghraib occurred is because of the basic social-biological drives of humans which makes them naturally prone to treat people who are not considered of their kind inhumanely. On April 2004 the entire globe learned about serious violation of human rights and abuse that American soldiers committed against Iraqi prisoners stationed in a correctional facility in Iraq called Abu Ghraib. The acts committed by the Americans were truly inhumane and included things such as rape, physical abuse, taking naked pictures of prisoners in extremely revealing positions, urinating on them, and sodomization with batons among other despicable abuses. The story was revealed by the media when insiders in the prison revealed the photographic evidence of the horrific things happening at Abu Ghraib. The person claimed that the army was ready to cover up the event and was going to secretly deal with the matter. The scandal created hysteria throughout America especially within governmental officials. US government officials acknowledge that the event at this prison violated the Geneva Convention which prohibits torture and cruel treatment of war prisoners. The army reported that 2 7 people are accused of being associated with abuses at Abu Ghraid, including 23 soldiers from a military intelligence

Water Scarcity in Saudi Arabia

Water Scarcity in Saudi Arabia Students Name: Ella Abstract Nowdays, water supply and sanitation in Saudi Arabia is characterized by challenges and achievements. One of the main challenges is water scarcity. The assessment will talk about the process of the research and the reasons for why the information is appropriate for this academic report. After having some specific data for the water usage in Saudi Arabia, we will describe a potential solution to one of these issues. The hypothesis for this paper is the Saudi Arabia can solve the water scracity this issue so that people who live there do not worry about the water anymore. Introduction In this scientific assessment was write about several water scarcity issue, the water pollution and the way to finish off the problem in Suadi Arabia. Now day has many countries have the issue about the water scrcity and water pollution. For the Middle Easts largest country, the water scarcity and water use increased dramatically, becoming a growing problem in Saudi Arabia. At present the fresh water it is extremely important for many countries and it is a narrow non-renewable, generalized renewable resources. People can not live without the water, also all the food we eat is all have the water element. The water chemistry will influence water scarcity is because the water have solubility and transmissibility. This the reason why the polluted water from the factory can pollution the the fresh water. And also some harmful substances will dissolve into the water that make water scarcity. In my hypothesis the Saudi Arabi can solution water scracity this issue. Methodology The first plan for achieving research purpose is to write donw the information about the water pollution and water scracity in Saudi Arabia that will guide we to research. Second write some qusetion that can solution the water scarcity in Saudi Arabia. After this two steps to research the information for water pollution and water scarcity in Saudi Arabia on the Internet. The detail data for the total precipitation and the consumption of water for the people live in this country. Then research the document of the government solution for the water problem. Last is some key fresh water issues in the Saudi Arabia. Afterwards will write about the reason for why chosen this information and why this document is good quality for use in the academic report. All the information is useful for the asseaament this is one of the primary reasons. Generally the most reliable sources are all come from the Web site addresses that at end is .gov means the goverment agency and education organisation the meaning of the end is .edu. Also can use some document is write from some university professors. Findings Saudi Arabia is a true Kingdom of oil, oil reserves and production ranked first in the world, making it be one of the richest countries in the world. Saudi Arabia is the worlds largest producer of desalination, the desalination of sea water around 21% per cent of the world total. But the Saudi Arabia still have the water problem, there are two most serious issues. First one is the lack of water resources problems, although now Saudi Arabia is the largest brackish water production country in the world, but when they have not established water desalting plant, water is not enough people there to use. And in Saudi Arabia due to lack of water resources utilization provided, thus giving rise to utilization of water resources waste and low efficiency of water use is becoming more and more serious. For this two issues I think the beat way to chang the situation first is to make a regulations of the water use, reduce the population and use of the wealth of oil and energy for seawater desalin ation. Chart: Changes in water demand and water supply in Saudi Arabia Event 1980(mcm/yr) (%) 1985(mcm/yr) (%) Water demand agricultural water 1860 79 7430 84 City life and other 500 21 1400 16 Total 2362 100 8830 100 Water supply Surface water 485 20 900 10 Renewable water 660 28 950 11 non-renewable water 1154 49 6480 73 sea water desalination, 63 3 400 5 wastewater of re10claimed water 100 1 Total 2362 100 8830 100 à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ mcm=millton core metersà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° Discussion The chart write about the changes in water demand and the water supply in Saudi Arabia from 1980 to 1985. This information is from an article, I put the text to the data and draw the graph. In this chart we can know that Saudi Arabias significant growth in demand for water in recent years. As the chart above shows, from 1980 to 1985, the increased water demand from 2362 to 8830, water demand has increased by 274% in the equivalent of 5 years, however, an average annual growth of 55%. These accurate data showing population impact on the utilization of water resources, also can to prove my hypothesis is correct, that the help the water resources be not in the absence have one of the methods is changing population Conclusions and Recommendations In conclusions I think the best way to tackle lack of water resources in Saudi Arabia this is to require a water use regulations. From the above data, we can see that peoples demand for water resources in Saudi Arabia year after year of growth and it was really fast, so I think the Saudi Government should require people to rational use of water resources. Everyone knows that Saudi Arabia is the worlds richest countries, if their rational use of water resources and rational use of groundwater, then maybe they dont have to worry about lack of water resources this issues in the future. Reference List Allan Foster, (Dec 9, 2010), Coping with Scarcity: Saudi Arabia and Water, Stimson Spotlight. [Online]. Available from: http://www.stimson.org/content/coping-scarcity-saudi-arabia-and-water [Accessed 24 December 2016] (14 March 2013),Saudi Arabias water problems stink, FAILAKA. [Online]. Available from: http://failaka.com/saudi-arabias-water-problem/ [Accessed 24 December 2016] Saud A. Gutub, Mohamed F. Soliman and Asif uz zaman, (2013), Saudi Arabia Confronts with Water Scarcity: An Insight, PSIPW. [Online]. Available from: http://www.psipw.org/attachments/article/342/IJWRAE_2(4)218-225.pdf [Accessed 24 December 2016] (July 2, 2013), Saudi Arabia: The Desalination Nation, ASHARQ AL-AWSAT. [Online]. Available from: http://english.aawsat.com/ [Accessed 24 December 2016]

Dharma in the 21st Century: “The Life of Tibetan Buddhist Nuns” Essay

Living in the 21st century connotes a busy and modern life, a life that is influenced by materialism, globalization and modern technology; a life with hardly any room for spirituality. This is the kind of life that is common in the Western world where everything is fast paced and humans have moved from relying on a greater being on to highly relying on gadgets everyday. We rely heavily on modern contraptions to make living easier for us – from a simple alarm clock in the bedroom to a high-powered microwave oven in the kitchen, from the multi-functional mobile phone in our pockets to our Internet-connected computers everywhere. From living based on religion, we now live based on technology. We cannot imagine life with out modern technology; we need it to cook our food, we need it to get to work, we need it to communicate; we just simply need it, or so we think? In this modern life of ours, we have become so engrossed with materialism and technology. We try to find ways to make things easier for us through technology but the more we use gadgets, the more complicated life seems, and as it gets complicated we forget about our inner being. We have forgotten what it is like to live simply and what it is like to be truly happy and be at peace without all the materialism. This is life with modernization but in places where materialism is not important and spirituality is highly upheld, all that we know and live by in the 21st century is absurdity for them. Theirs is a life of simplicity, meditation and seclusion; a life of being one with nature and their creator; a life of gaining wisdom and inner happiness. This is the life of Buddhism. Buddhism is not only a religion; it is a philosophy and a way of life (White 1). It is slowly growing in the Western world[1], where some try to look for peace in their everyday modern chaos (ibid). In the Orient, where Buddhism originated, modernization and a western way of life is slowly influencing the people due to economic reasons, such as in Thailand, but they still keep in touch with their spirituality, and monasteries where monks and nuns live still abound. In Tibet, Buddhism is their religion and politics; the Dalai Lama used to be both their religious and political leader (Simhanada Home page). With China taking over their country 50 years ago, the Tibetan government is in exile[2] and the more than 6,000 monasteries and nunneries in the Tibetan regions of U-Tsang, Dotà ¶ and Domey were damaged and destroyed by the Chinese (Office of Tibet 1). The Tibetan people and the few Tibetan monks and nuns in Tibet still seek spiritual guidance from the Dalai Lama in the North Eastern borders of India. With Tibetan monasteries built outside of Tibet after China’s invasion and with a few Tibetan monks and nuns still living in Tibet, it is of great interest how Tibetan Buddhist monastics, particularly the nuns, live like now and view the world especially with most of them in exile, with China as an economic tiger ruling over their land and with modernization happening all over the world. This paper will look into the lives of Tibetan Buddhist nuns in this present day and what has changed in their ways from the earlier times. A brief history of the Tibetan Buddhism will be given in order to understand the role of Tibetan nuns. Views on the role of women in Buddhism will be given and excerpts from the stories of different Tibetan nuns will also be shown in order to understand their belief and values system, and more importantly the condition of their life today. History of Tibetan Buddhism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Generally, Buddhism is a love of wisdom and it has three paths: (1) to lead a moral life, (2) to be mindful and aware of thoughts and actions and (3) to develop wisdom and understanding (White 1). It has four noble truths which are (1) suffering exists, (2) suffering arises from attachment to desires, (3) suffering ceases when attachment to desire ceases and (4) freedom from suffering is possible by practicing the eightfold path, which is to have the right view, thought, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and contemplation (Simhanada 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Buddhism was introduced in Tibet by Buddhists in India in 173 CE and it was gradually assimilated, disseminated and integrated into the Tibetan way of life due to the efforts of the religious kings of the country (Office of Tibet 1). Tibetan Buddhism as described on the Simhanada Tibetan Buddhism page is as follows: Tibetan Buddhism makes use of a wide variety of practices, i.e., the entire scope of Buddha’s teachings from the Hinayana, Mahayana and Vajrayan levels. Tibetan Buddhism successfully preserved the Vajrayana tradition†¦it is based most directly on the view that appearances can be used and transformed in order to recognize one’s Buddha nature and the emptiness of the mind†¦emphasis on intense Calm-abiding and Insight Mediation is stressed, along with the gradual accumulation of merit and purifying of obstacles. Extensive study of scripture, astrology, medicine, math and debate are common for Tibetan practitioners. Meditation on enlightened deities†¦is a unique feature of the Vajrayana†¦it uses the technique of having the practitioner identify themselves with an enlightened deity —in order to realize the nature of enlightenment. The religion spread because gurus from India were invited into Tibet to teach the Buddhist scriptures and translate them for the people. The religious king Tri Ralpachen introduced a decree that every monk should be supported by seven households, and thousands of temples were constructed in his time. Unfortunately, the king’s successor did not support the Buddhist teachings and monks were made to disrobe and join the army (ibid). Buddhism entered into a dark age but was revived after some time when three monks escaped the Domey region of Tibet and established monastic lineages in other parts of Tibet and eventually revived it in central Tibet (Office of Tibet 1). In Western Tibet, the most vigorous revival of Buddhism was taking place care of Lha Lama Yeshe Ãâ€". He helped spread the doctrine through translation, teaching and establishing of monasteries with the help of the great translator Rinchen Zangpo and Legpai Sherab (ibid). Lha Lhama also composed the famous Buddhist test A Lamp on the Path to Enlightenment, which set the pattern for all graded path texts found in the Tibetan Buddhist tradition (ibid). Four schools of Tibetan Buddhism[3] were also established from the practices and the Buddhist gurus. These are the Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelugpa. Nyingma literally means â€Å"old school† (ibid)that places a great deal of emphasis on meditation to achieve merit and wisdom; Kagyu is the Oral Lineage that is concerned with the experiential dimension of meditation where there is single-minded contemplation exercises and meditative therapy to attain psychic good health. Milarepa, an eleventh century Tibetan mystic practiced this tradition and meditated for many years in caves prior to reaching enlightenment. Sakya represents the scholarly tradition and means â€Å"gray earth† (ibid), and the Gelugpa school translates into the â€Å"virtuous school† (ibid) where scholastics are emphasize highly and monks are encouraged to achieve the Geshe degree of the Doctor of Buddhist Philosophy where a student practices lamrim or the paths[4]. Meditation is encouraged as well, like in all Buddhist practices and development of compassion is an essential part of the teachings of this school, which is also the basis of Tibetan Buddhist schools. The special features of Tibetan Buddhism are the status of the teacher or â€Å"Lama†, preoccupation with relationship between life and death, important role of rituals and initiations, rich visual symbolism, element of Bà ¶n, the earlier Tibetan faith, and mantras and meditation practice (BBC 1). Role of Women in Tibetan Buddhism There are two sectors in the Tibetan community: the lay people and the monastics (Chodron Home Page). The monastics, which are the monks or bhikshus and the nuns or bhikshunis, chose to vow to a life of simplicity, â€Å"a life directly related to the preservation and dissemination of the Dharma[5] to benefit others† (Chodron Home Page). Though women have been admitted by Buddha himself into his Order thousands of years ago due to pressure that women had become nuns in the Jaina religion (King 40), women are belittled in the orders. There are sutras or teachings that say â€Å"women could never become Buddhas† (SGI 1), and for centuries this conception has persisted. It has been commonly believed that women would have to be reborn as men to attain Buddha-hood (ibid) because there is â€Å"absolute preference for a male body†¦no Buddhist in her right mind desires a female body† (Buddhist-Christian Studies 220). The book Himalayan Hermitess: The Life of a Tibetan Buddhist Nun (Buddhist-Christian Studies 221) the author wrote about the life of Orgyan Chokyi who is a Buddhist nun that had reached high levels of understanding by the end of her life. This was not common during her time since she was living in the late 17th century to the early 18th century, and during this time women in Buddhism were really inferior to the men. The book revealed and translated manuscripts of her life, and this was really rare because manuscripts of nuns were not written by the scholars during the early times since their stories are thought to be not worth recording (Buddhist-Christian Studies 222). It is said that Orgyan Chokyi laments to be a woman and female rebirth in general, and she prays often that no being should be subject to a female rebirth (ibid). This is clearly indicative of how sexist Buddhism was then. She became a significant figure because of her life ordeals- she was born to parents who mistreated her because they wanted a son and she would often weep and one day a monk observed her and told her that if she studied the Dharma, she would soon develop great compassion. Like other nuns she was required to do manual labor in the monastery and this was the time she laments her gender. After being a novice, she received meditation instructions form the master of the monastery and a senior nun; she was made to do Tibetan oral traditions and go on pilgrimages to sacred sites of Tibetan Buddhism. Despite these, she was still made to do manual labor for more years but she was filled with joy and she wrote songs about this. Later on, she changed her attitude about female rebirth and writes that â€Å"a woman’s body is a ground for samsara† (Buddhist-Christian Studies 223). In her death, she clearly defied what was believed then: that enlightenment cannot be achieved in a female body (ibid); her meditation master told her that she did not need to do more meditations because she had â€Å"fully protected her vows and commitments† (ibid). This meant total enlightenment and she laid the path for Buddhist nuns to achieve Buddha-hood as well and to call for equality from society. Some also say that women enter the nunneries because they cannot wait for a man to wed them, they are too old to marry or they are orphans or widows (King 41). This shouldn’t be so since Buddhism calls for equality as seen in the Lotus Sutra, which is also called the teaching of non-discrimination, reveals that â€Å"there is no difference between men and women in terms of their capacity to attain Buddha-hood† (Soka Gakkai International [SGI] 1). Guru Rinpoche, who taught the dharma in Tibet, even had a principal disciple that was a woman called Lady Yeshe Tsogyal (Simhanada 1). In these early years of Buddhism, it was recorded that â€Å"women engaged in learned debates with the Buddha himself† (King 40) and that there is a recording of more than 500 verses in the Therigatha created by Buddhist nuns in the ancient Pali Canon (ibid). This shows that they are as capable as the monks. Nuns have been seen as inferior due to traditions way before Buddhism came and due to the impositions of patriarchal and sexist values in societies where Buddhism flourished (Shih 1). For a woman to become nun means liberation, however, they are bound by rules â€Å"over and above those followed by monk[6]† (King 40). These rules may have been developed at a later time to restrict women’s freedom or to simply express the existing social inferiority of women (ibid). Though she gains some freedom, a nun receives little recognition of her status from society since â€Å"rituals performed by monks are considered more efficacious and meritorious than those performed by nuns† and the donations given to monks are greater because it is considered to produce more merit for the donor than when given to a nun† (Buddhist-Christian Studies 220). Education for nuns was also quite limited because they had to do manual labor or housework to earn money for their supplies or to build their cells; thus, opportunities for them to perform their religious practices were limited (ibid). Even if the nuns have completed the required number of mantra recitations, they have to call on a monk to perform the ï ¬ re puja or burnt-book offering to perform it on their behalf (ibid). The Dalai Lama says that â€Å"all Buddhist nuns have a unique role to play in the evolution of Buddhism where the universal principle of the equality of all human beings takes precedence† (Chodron Home Page). Other Tibetan religious leaders have also stated publicly in a faith international congress that â€Å"men and women have an equal capacity for enlightenment† (Buddhist-Christian Studies 221), thus erasing the traditional beliefs that nuns are of inferior status to monks and that a woman must be reincarnated as a man to achieve enlightenment. And even if the prophecy that the Dharma will cease to exist after 500 years of admitting women into the Buddhist order, since it has already been 2,500 years (Fitz-Gerald 1), some traditionalists are still disregarding this idea because nuns are proving themselves to be more capable than what traditional norms have been dictating for years. Tibetan Buddhist Nuns Today In the recent decades, equal treatment of nuns with monks are being called for and with conferences being held yearly for Buddhists and other faiths, the pressure is great. Buddhism was not inherently sexist, but with the male domination in India where the Tibetan Buddhism came from, it just came to be because of the culture at that time (Fitz-Gerald 1). And this culture is changing in the 21st century. The Venerable Chodron (Home Page) says that in these times, Buddhist nun have three levels of ordination: sramanerika or novice, siksamana or probationary, and bhikshuni or full. The bhikshuni, for the Tibetans, means that it is already possible for them to attain the geshe or Doctorate degree, some are already taking the Vinaya class[7] which entails that the first generation of geshe-mas nuns will be produced and will earn them the degree equal to the monks (ibid). Before 1953, the highest rank that a nun could attain was even lower than the lowest rank of the monks (Shih 1). The Dalai Lama even made a statement about this topic, saying that â€Å"This is the 21st Century. Everywhere we are talking about equality†¦Basically Buddhism needs equality†¦the key thing is the restoration of the bhikshuni vow† (ibid). In this modern world, women are challenging the male-dominated social structures and â€Å"Buddhists need not only to tolerate such change, but to actively support it both within the general social structure and within Buddhism itself. Not only is change along feminist lines not incompatible with the teachings of the Buddha, it will be necessary for the continued flourishing of the Dharma† (Fitz-Gerald 1) since the number of monks is decreasing while the number of nuns is increasing (Chodron Home Page). Also though times are changing and the Buddhist nuns are gaining respect, their monastic life is more difficult now than it was before; as Shih (1) states, â€Å"Monasteries are by no means harbourages for those who seek easy lives. Therefore, there would be no reason for one to take on the challenges of such a life with much more hardship unless it were for the sake of religious pursuit.† Women no longer want to become nuns just because they are widowed, orphaned, abandoned or could not be wed, they enter for spiritual and religious purposes, thus they should gain the respect of everyone. The access women now have to education has brought them the want for enlightenment. In a research conducted by Arai (Shih 1), in the past for forty years, the average age of nuns entering in the order was 16; they were either raised in a temple or entered it because of their parents requests. Recently, however, the age of nuns entering the nunneries has risen to 43 and are single or married, and have definitely had more life experiences that those who were entering the nunneries in the 1950s (ibid). This suggests that nuns are more competent now and are making a more conscious and mature decision to commit themselves to the religion and to the life of seclusion; they are more capable of fulfilling their social roles and responsibilities (ibid).   Aside from earning equal respect and treatment with monks, nuns are facing a bigger problem which all of Tibet is experiencing, and that is the occupation of China in their land. Tsultrim Doma, a Buddhist nun in Tibet, says â€Å"The Chinese want our land, but they don’t want the Tibetan people. The women in our village were called to be sterilized, one by one. Those who refused must pay a fine. They have no money, so they have no choice† (Vincanne 77). Tibetans are experiencing a cultural and physical genocide; the Chinese are forcing Tibetan women, even nuns, to marry and Chinese nationals and bear their children. Tibetan women are forced to abort their babies just to reduce the Tibetan population (ibid). The Chinese are torturing the nuns and monks because they are the bearers of Tibetan culture, which is heavily rooted in religion; the monks and nuns are the suspects of political criminality in Lhasa (Vincanne 80). Hundreds of nunneries and monasteries have moved out of Tibet since the Chinese occupation and into the countries of India, Thailand, Nepal, Australia and others. Though Chinese are also Buddhists, they are persecuting the Tibetan Buddhists and they are faced with the challenge of renewal and reformulation (Shih 1) not only with their ways in treating the Buddhist nuns but with their survival. A Tibetan nun said that â€Å"the strength of our devotion frightens them† (Vincanne 81) since it is their devotion and religion that may liberate them. Their Buddhist belief in peace and liberation from suffering is timely with what they are experiencing, and together with their belief in karma, this enables them to endure their torments[8] and fight a rather peaceful battle for liberation than the Chinese government’s choice of using artillery and blood shed. The values of tolerance, inner transformation and enlightenment also enable the Tibetan Buddhists to be patient with what China has been doing, however, with the recent news of riots being broken out in China by the Tibetans, where monastics are accused of heading it, we do not know until when the Tibetan Buddhists- monks, nuns and lay people, can tolerate the injustices of China. Conclusion Buddhism was introduced in Tibet by the Indians in Tibetan in 123 CE and it replaced the mystic religion of Tibetans which was Bà ¶n. This mystic religion, however shaped the beliefs of the Tibetan Buddhists and made them somewhat different from other Buddhist sects. Their specific features are their distinct belief in life and death, important role of rituals and initiations, rich visual symbolism, element of Bà ¶n, the earlier Tibetan faith, and mantras and meditation practice. The Buddhist nuns have gone a long way from being admitted into the order by Buddha 2,500 years ago and only attaining a rank that is lower than that of the lowest rank for monks, to being ordained as a bhikshuni or a full nun and allowing the possibility of earning a geshe-ma or doctorate degree for them that will make them equals with monks. Though they are facing opposition from traditional lay-persons and monastics, the Dalai Lama and other Buddhist sects are on their side, calling that now is the time for equality and that Buddha-hood can be achieved by both man and woman. This is so because it was believed that women cannot achieve enlightenment, only men can achieve Buddha-hood and women must be reincarnated to do so. Some say that though Buddhism teaches equality, the patriarchal society in which Buddhism spread into has caused such inequality among men and women, thus making the lives of Buddhist nuns much harder than their monk counterparts. Women entering the nunneries today are much older than the women who were entering in the 1950s; from the average age of 16 it has risen to 43 in the past 40 and more years, showing that women have a more conscious decision to commit themselves to the Dharma and the religious life and shedding the notion that they are entering it because of lack of choice. In this time and age, were equality is being called for in all sectors of society Buddhists are being pressured and as said the Dalai Lama and other Tibetan Buddhist Leaders are supporting the Buddhist nuns. Also, another challenge is faced by the Tibetan Nuns and that is they are forced to be disrobed and be sterilized, that is marry into a Chinese national and give birth to a Chinese child. The nuns, together with the monks are the ultimate symbol of Tibetan culture since their culture is deeply rooted in religion, therefore they are the ones tortured by the Chinese government’s cleansing of Tibetan from their people. As one Tibetan nun said, the Chinese only want their land and not the people that is why they are being physically and culturally erased. Because of the Chinese occupation many nunneries in Tibet have been destroyed by the Chinese and the nunneries have moved out together with the government-in-exile of Tibet into India and other countries. Their belief in suffering, peace and karma allows them to endure the tortures they are receiving from the Chinese that are occupying their land. Tibetan nuns are not only fighting for their equality they are also the voice, together with the monks and the Dalai Lama that is calling for a peaceful fight for the liberation of their land. Works Cited BBC Religion & Ethics Web Site. 2008. BBC. 1 April 2008 . Buddhist Christian Studies Book Review. 8 October 2006. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. 2 April 2008 King, Ursula. â€Å"World Religions, Women and Education†. Comparative Education, Special Number (10): Sex Differences in Education. 23.10. (1987): 35-49. 31 March 2008 Tibet Website. 10 November 1997. The Government of Tibet in Exile Family of Sites. 3 April 2008 . Shi, Juo-hsueh. â€Å"Buddhist Nuns from a Modern Perspective† and Fitz-Gerald, Kerry. â€Å"Buddhism Needs Feminism.† Sakyaditha Newsletter. 3.2 (2002). 2 April 2008 . Soka Gakkai International. â€Å"Enlightenment of Women.† SGI Quarterly Magazine. (April 2000). 2 April 2008 . Simhanada Family of Sites.2006. Simhanada Buddhists. 2 April 2008 . Venerable Thubten Chodron’s Web Site. (n.d.) Ven. Thubten Chodron. 2 April 2008 from . Vincanne, Adams. â€Å"Suffering the Winds of Lhasa: Politicized Bodies, Human Rights, Cultural Difference, and Humanism in Tibet.† Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 12.1. (1998): 74-102. 31 March 2008 White, Bryan. A 5 minute Introduction to Buddhism. 1993. Buddha Dharma Education Association Network. 2 April 2008 . [1] See online articles and publications of Buddha Dharma Education Association [BDEA] for more information on Buddhism in Western countries. [2] Refer to the official webpage of the Tibetan Government in Exile: http://www.tibet.com [3] The Tibetan Buddhist Canon discusses this more extensively and can be found at the BDEA Web page, as well as in the eSSortment Web page. [4] 3 Principles of the Path is the (1) intention leave cyclic existence, (2) generate the intent to free all sentient beings and 93) correct view of emptiness (Simhanada   1) [5]Dharma refers to the Buddhist teachings or the path to truth and enlightenment. [6] A nun is subject to eight basic rules while a monk is only to follow four; when fully ordained a nun must observe 311 daily rules and the monk only 227 (King 40) [7] Vinaya class is the last class taken prior to taking the geshe exam and is required for the geshe degree. [8] Refer to Vincanne’s article of Suffering the Winds of Lhasa for detailed accounts

History of Ancient Philosophy Paper Essay

Recall that at Apology 37d, â€Å"It would be a fine life for me, indeed, a man of my age, to go into exile and spend his life exchanging one city for another, because he’s always being expelled (C. D. C. Reeve, P-Apology 37d)† Admittedly, Socrates could probably have avoided death by recommending exile if he wanted to, but he chose not to do so. Then, what exactly, was in his mind? After having been sentenced to death, Socrates was sleeping in his prison cell awaiting his execution. Early in the morning, Crito visits Socrates and attempts to persuade him to escape the city before the execution. If we look into their dialogues, Socrates suggests examining whether he should do what Crito advises or not, defining himself as â€Å"a person who listens to nothing within him but the argument that on rational reflection seems best to him† (C. D. C. Reeve, P-Crito 46b). Here, Socrates seems to claim that he does not know anything, so will choose to do what appears to be the best to him through examining. Socrates uses this unique method of examining throughout the books of Apology, Crito and Republic by continuously questioning to figure out what seems the best. Then, the question is, what does he mean by â€Å"best† in the statement? I argue that it is neither his life nor his family, but what is just or justice. It seems to me that Socrates’ statement at Crito 46b reflects his personal philosophy that one should examine his action whether it is just or unjust before performing it. According to Socrates, one should perform the action that is just and should not perform if it is an unjust action after examining. A great example demonstrating this point can be found in Apology, where Socrates states â€Å"You’re not thinking straight, sir, if you think that a man who’s any use at all should give any opposing weight to the risk of living or dying, instead of looking to this alone whenever he does anything: whether his actions are just or unjust, the deeds of a good or bad man (C. D. C. Reeve, P-Apology 28b). † This passage clearly demonstrates Socrates’ character and personal philosophy. Socrates was a person who examines and chooses to do what is just even if the consequence of it were catastrophic—even death. In this passage, even in the situation of his own life at stake, Socrates argues that a man who’s any use at all, or I interpret this as a wise man, should not worry about life or death, but should examine what is just before performing an action; that is, the determining factor of performing an action should be based on what is just but nothing else. It seems to me that he could have avoided death if he does not say what he does in the passage. However, he is the person who is persuaded by nothing within himself but the argument that appears to be the best to him, which is justice, as he states at Crito 46b. Therefore, he chooses to do what is just at the court regardless of the consequence of it as he does so as well later after the sentence. Another great example that demonstrates Socrates’ point would be the passage at Crito 54c. In this passage, he also reflects his personal philosophy that one should examine himself before performing an action and should not perform it if it is an unjust action. â€Å"†¦Don’t put a higher value on children, on life, or on anything else than on what’s just†¦. suppose you return injustice for injustice and bad treatment for bad treatment in that shameful way, breaking your agreements and commitments with us and doing bad things to those whom you should least of all treat in that way†¦ (C. D. C. Reeve, P-Crito 54c)† Once again, it seems that Socrates emphasizes that doing what is just is the highest value in life. Undauntedly loyal to his moral principles, Socrates refuses to leave Athens because he believed that it would be not only contrary to his moral principles, but also unjust to the city. In fact, he believed that it is just in him to awaken the sleeping city, and to convince people what is truly important— justice. It seems clear to me that Socrates’ main concern was to examine himself before his action and perform what is just as he confesses at Crito 54d as follows: â€Å"That, Crito, my dear friend, is what I seem to hear them saying, you may be sure. † Therefore, he listens to what seems best to him and does not escape the city. However, it is questionable to me that if it is just to follow unjust laws. I am tempted to think that it would be more just to fight for just laws than merely to follow unjust laws because when I think of the holocaust victims, I do not think of them as just people, but merely unfair victims of injustice. Despite this, I think that his faithfulness to what he believed to be just is truly admirable. In my speculative opinion, being so enthusiastic to know the truth, Socrates, maybe and only maybe, wanted to know what it is after his death and to free his soul in best condition. Or, maybe he wanted to teach that what he believed to be just is more important than his life. Overall, Socrates suggests that life is worth living only if one does the just actions through the philosophical process of examining himself. I find that his character is very inspiring because doing what is just regardless of its consequences takes a great deal of courage. Work Cited Reeve, C. D. C. A Plato reader: eight essential dialogues. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub. Co. , 2012. Print.

Advantages Of A Rough Childhood - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 797 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Childhood Essay Did you like this example? Abstract How did Oprah and others, who have had a terrible childhood, become such productive and successful adults? In fact throughout the world there are people who have had horrible childhoods yet rose to become productive adults. People such as Benjamin Franklin, Larry Ellison, and many more. There are also examples of this in Harper Lees acclaimed novel To Kill a Mockingbird; Consequently, there is research that suggests that having a rough childhood can make a person into a stronger adult than they would be without; However there is the stereotype that people born into a terrible home grow up to be disastrous slobs. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Advantages Of A Rough Childhood" essay for you Create order Those with awful childhoods can become productive adults because of their trauma. Throughout the ages there have been countless individuals who overcame a difficult childhood to become productive, successful adults. Take for example Abraham Lincoln who was born to parents that owned less than the land they lived on. Lincoln had to walk for miles to find any book to read. Consequently, he learned resilience and persistence that allowed him to pull the United States together during the War Between the States. Another person who overcame an adversarial childhood is Scrooge McDuck. He may be fictional but his fictionality does not alienate him from being a great example of using a difficult childhood to become a strong adult. Scrooge McDuck worked as a shoe polisher in Glasgow Scotland in the late 1800s. He decided to turn his life around when he was paid an 1875 U.S. dime, which was worthless in Glasgow at the time. There and then he vowed to never be taken advantage of again. He has   Frain 2 since earned billions of dollars and instead of being taken advantage of he has taken advantage of others. Both of these people used the lessons they learned in their not-so-easy childhoods to rise up and become more than the circumstances of their birth. Tom Robinson from the novel To Kill a Mockingbird is perhaps the best example of a person born into a rough home that productive adults. He was born with what was the worst disadvantage a person could have in 1930s Alabama, being born black. Mr. Robinson didnt let the color of his skin stop him from working hard to make a living. He even says I picks for Mr. Link Deas. (Lee, p 217). He works hard everyday picking crops on land he does not even own. As an African-American in the 1930s he almost definitely had a horrid childhood full of harassment; however, he does not let that stop him from making an honest living picking crops and raising a family. Robinson had to learn additional skills and work longer, harder hours than the white citizens of Maycomb ever did. Everyone who was born into a rough home had virtually everything against them but most did not let that stop them. Atticus Finch from To Kill a MockingBird who is widely regarded as wise even says to his son I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. Its when you know youre licked before you begin, but you begin anyway and see it through no matter what. (Lee 128). Those who have had atrocious childhoods often dont have the same development at those who had more fortunate upbrings and thus are at a disadvantage in school, at the job market, or even in the work environment after they have secured a job, but most try anyways. Sometimes, this knowledge that they have it rough, is what helps them overcome their disadvantages. There was Frain 3 recently a study conducted where people who had an inclement or uncertain childhood and people who had a more privileged childhood were tested to see how they perform switching between tasks. The people who experienced unpredictability in childhood were substantially better at switching tasks than those with safe homes. Conclusion Being able to switch between tasks is vital in todays world, where everything is interconnected through the internet, and being able to do this quickly can allow them to be more successful than their peers. Parents that had terrible childhoods will often want their children to have the opposite upbringing they had. Take for example founding father and orphan Alexander Hamilton who grew up with no set structure in his life. To ensure this did not happen to his son he gave him a very strict schedule with only one hour a day to do with as he pleases. So, Oprah and every other successful person from humble to downright awful beginnings managed to delete the circumstances of their origins and become better, stronger, more productive adults than they ever could have been by learning lessons from their disadvantageous childhoods.